Impact of Domestic Violence on Children

Impact of Domestic Violence on ChildrenContents interpolationChapter 2 The impacts of internal delirium on baberenChapter 3 def shutting children from house servant hysteriaChapter 5 The multi-agency cuddle to child protectionChapter 6 Policies to protect children against interior(prenominal) forcefulnessConclusions and Recomwork forcedationsReferencesIntroductionThis address looks at internal wildness and the impacts national madness has on children and child protection issues. The dissertation begins with a description of internal forcefulness, including an estimation of the extent of the enigma, illustrated with statistics. The dissertation on that manoeuvrefore moves on to analyse the immediate and long-term impacts of internal force-out on childrens health, education, personality, interact and future kinships. The dissertation so moves on to the issue of protecting children from house servant force play in footing of the child protection issues that pa uperisation to be interpreted into consideration. The dissertation indeed moves on to a discussion of the role of the mother and why her socio-economic status and culture is important. Protecting the mother, in terms of protecting the child, is then discussed, in terms of whether, for example, it is best for children to live with both p bents, even when thither is house servant fierceness occurring.The dissertation then moves on to an analysis of the multi-agency approach to child protection, examining its advantages and disadvantages. The addressable service for children living with internal help vehemence be likewise discussed, as are the policy and legislation against domestic violence and pro child protection in the UK. Through this, the dissertation moves on to analyse the intervention strategies that are available to protect children, in terms of the extent to which prevention is possible and how. The dissertation then moves on to a critic entirelyy analysis of the ro les of policies, legislation, agencies and professionals in protecting children, in terms of whether the legislation enhances or hinders the effectiveness of professional intervention, and what should happen next. The dissertation ends with a conclusions and recommendations section, which provides recommendations as to how child protection can become much than(prenominal) effective.This section presents a description of domestic violence, including an estimation of the extent of the problem, illustrated with statistics.Domestic violence, or advise abetter _or_ abettor violence, or interpersonal associate poke fun, as it is also comm lone roughly(prenominal) known, is a pattern of aggressive behaviours, either physical, sexual or psychological (or either three) that adult partners use against their sexual partners (Ganley, 1995). The Home Office classifies domestic violence as, Any violence which occurs between current or former partners in an intimate relationship, whereve r and whenever this violence occurs. The violence may include physical, sexual, emotional or financial abuse (Home Office, 1998).It is known that domestic violence is mostly perpetrated by men against women victims and that it a great deal begins, or gets worse, around pregnancy (Nicolson et al., 2006). Domestic violence is generally repetitive, in that erst it has occurred once, it is likely to be repeated, either in the same elan or utilising a different form (psychological, sexual or physical), with each form of the violence interacting with the other form and causing problems for the victim(s) of the violence, who are non only the partner but also any children that may be present in the household (see Ganley, 1995).Shockingly, a high proportion of children living with domestic violence are themselves beingness abused, with almost 80% of the children who are on the at-risk register coming from homes where domestic violence is known to occur (see, for example, Mullender and Morley, 1994 Department of Health, 2002). In addition, seek has shown that there is a correlation between being an abusive partner and having witnessed abusive behaviour in ones childhood (see OLeary, 1987).In terms of the theoretical models that look at been posited to explain domestic violence, social exchange theory suggests that human interactions are guided by seeking rewards and avoiding costs and penalty (see Blau, 1964), with domestic violence tending to occur when being violent does not outweigh the rewards on offer (see Gelles and Cornell, 1985 1990). Following this reasoning, therefore, one of the ways to reduce the prevalence of domestic violence is to increase the cost attached to being a batterer (i.e., a person who inflicts violence on an intimate partner) through, for example, cr eating and enforcing criminal laws against domestic violence (see Danis, 2003). Deterrence can, after all, be defined as, the states ability to diminish the incidence of a prohibited ac tion through legal threats which clear indicate that the costs of an action would be greater than any benefits derived from it (Dutton, 1995 p.242).Other theories suggested to explain the prevalence of domestic violence include social learning theory, which suggests that heap learn to be violent through reinforcement (i.e., receiving a reward or being punished directly after an aggressive act has taken place) or through modelling (i.e., basing ones actions on what one has witnessed) (see Bandura, 1973). As has been seen, intergenerational transmission of the behaviour that leads to domestic violence is possible and, indeed, occurs in whatsoever situations (see OLeary, 1987 and Mihalic and Elliott, 1997). On this posterior, more batterers are treated, attempting to reverse the behaviour that leads to domestic violence on the premise that what has been learned can be un-learned (see Danis, 2003).The British discourtesy Survey, and annual survey of crime conducted in the UK, can be used to find prevalence data of domestic violence. Mirrlees-Black and Byron (1996) showed that, in 1996, around 4% of women interviewed admitted some form of domestic violence in the year previous to the survey, with women twice as likely as men to have been injured by a partner in the year previous to the survey. In addition, Mirrlees-Black and Byron (1996) found that 23% of women had experienced some form of domestic violence at some auspicate in their lives, with those most at risk being the under 25s and those in financial difficulties. It was found that only half of the victims had inform the domestic violence, and of the half that had describe the domestic violence, this was to a friend of family, with police and medical checkup staff being notified only in a small proportion of cases (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996).Mirrlees-Black (1999) again used the British Crime Survey data to analyse the prevalence of domestic violence, finding that, similarly to the 1996 survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996), around 4% of women describe some form of domestic violence in the year previous to the study, with women twice as likely as men to be the mental object of domestic violence. Mirrlees-Black (1999) estimated that there were 6.6 million incidents of domestic violence in the year previous to the survey, with 2.9 million of these incidents involving actual physical injury. This survey (Mirrlees-Black, 1999) revealed that 12% of women had been assaulted on three or more occasions, which Mirrlees-Black referred to as degenerative victims.Similarly to the 1996 survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996), women under 25 were most likely to report domestic violence, with 34% of women in this category reporting some form of domestic violence, higher than in the previous, 1996, survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996). In terms of the actual domestic violence perpetrated against these women, pushing, shoving and grabbing were the most common types of assault wit h injury occurring in 41% of the domestic violence episodes (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Alarmingly, around a third of the women surveyed who inform domestic violence episodes revealed that their children had been aware of the last violent episode (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). In addition, chronic victims of domestic violence were usually the victims of more sedate types of attack (Mirrlees-Black, 1999).Walby and Allen (2004) present the most recent survey of domestic violence using the British Crime Survey, showing that domestic violence is still widespread with 36% of women reporting some sort of domestic violence episode, although this figure represents concentrated episodes of chronic domestic violence and/or multiple episodes of domestic violence throughout their lives. The study found that 13% of women had experienced some form of domestic violence in the year prior(prenominal) to the survey (up from 4% in the 1999 survey reported by Mirrlees-Black (1999) and that for women subjected to domestic violence, the average number of domestic violence episodes per year was twenty (Walby and Allen, 2004). On this basis, Walby and Allen (2004) estimated that there had been 12.9 million domestic violence episodes in the year prior to the survey, up from 6.6 million in the 1999 survey (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). The 2004 survey also revealed that 2% of women who admitted domestic violence had been the subject of a serious sexual assault inside the home (Walby and Allen, 2004).Walby and Allen (2004) found that those women who lived in a household earning less than 10,000 were three and a half more times likely to be the subject of domestic violence than a women in a household earning more than 20,000, although it was admitted that the correlations between domestic violence and leanness are unclear. For example, poverty could be the cause of domestic violence, or could be the outcome of domestic violence, in that women who have fled domestic violence a great deal end up living on low income (Walby and Allen, 2004).In terms of assessing the prevalence of domestic violence, studies have shown that it is difficult to provide a realistic estimate, in reality, as many women do not seek help and even when faced with medical professionals with whom they could speak, for example their GPs, most women do not volitionally discuss their problems (see, for example, Bonds et al., 2006). Indeed, research has shown (see, for example, Boyle and Jones, 2006) that women who are the subject of domestic violence frequently only disclose when healthcare staff directly enquire virtually this possibility, many of whom actively stated, when interviewed, that they do not ask nearly much(prenominal)(prenominal) matters so as not to offend the patient, even though evidence shows that women who are not the subject of domestic violence are unlikely to be offended by such(prenominal) a question (Boyle and Jones, 2006).One of the most comprehensive studies of the reported frequenc y of domestic violence against women has been reported by Bradley et al. (2002), who surveyed 1871 women attending general practice through a cross-sectional, self-administered anonymous survey. 40% of the women surveyed had, at some point in their lives, experienced domestic violence by a partner, with 12% of women reporting that their GP had approached them about possible domestic violence (Bradley et al., 2002). In addition, a worrying 69% of the women surveyed reported controlling behaviour from their partner, with 28% admitting to feeling afraid of their current partner (Bradley et al., 2002). Most of the women surveyed voiced support for routine dubiousness about domestic violence as part of regular check-ups with their GP, suggesting one route for monitoring the presence of domestic violence in the community (Bradley et al., 2002). Elliott et al. (2002) suggested that get out GP training in this issue would lead to higher detection rates and better care for the victims of d omestic violence.As Gerbert et al. (2002) suggest, other risk behaviours that were once considered taboo (such as HIV and alcohol and drug abuse) have been tackled, in that medical professionals routinely ask about such matters in consultations. It is thus not acceptable that domestic violence is not addressed in such a manner, given the high prevalence of this and the deleterious effectuate this can have on the victims and any children who are present in the household (Gerbert et al., 2002). It is suggested that it is a general lack of training that scratch medical professionals from enquiring about such violence, and that the set down domestic violence screening rates, compared to the screening rates of other risk behaviours, may reflect the medical professionals beliefs that they do not know how to screen or intervene or their belief that such interventions may not be successful (Gerbert et al., 2002). It is suggested that screening rates can be improved by educating medical p rofessionals as to the many benefits that identifying domestic violence can bring to the victims (Gerbert et al., 2002).This section of the dissertation analyses the immediate and long-term impacts of domestic violence on childrens health, education, personality, socialising and future relationships.In terms of childrens exposure to domestic violence and maltreatment, Osofsyky (2003) looked at this issue in terms of prevention and intervention, showing that on the basis of available research, there is no doubt that huge numbers of children are being abused as part of the presence of domestic violence in the household, although the effectuate on children of this abuse, as a result of domestic violence, depends greatly on the childs individual circumstances, on their additional risk factors and their susceptibility. Herrenkohl et al. (2008) reported similar results, showing a massive overlap in physical child abuse and domestic violence, which was especially prevalent in situations w ith other stressors, such as ominous socio-economic conditions, for example.Hartley (2002) also looked at this issue, and found that there is a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment, finding that adverse socioeconomic factors were more likely to correlative with domestic violence and child neglect than with child abuse per se, although child abuse was present in a shockingly high number of cases, suggesting, as Osofsky (2002), that domestic violence goes hand-in-hand with child maltreatment, either through child neglect as a result of domestic violence or child abuse by the perpetrator of the violence as part and parcel of the domestic violence (Hartley, 2002).Hester and Pearson (1998) looked at domestic violence in the course of their work with abused children, finding that domestic violence was present in 70% of the cases of child abuse they dealt with, showing that the presence of domestic violence is a major factor in child abuse cases. It was sug gested, as a result of this, that it might be useful to screen for domestic violence as routine practice, in terms of this being a possible predictor of child abuse, either current, in which case it could be identify and treated, or future, in which case, if the domestic violence is dealt with, might never occur.Gorin (2004) looked at understanding what children say about living with domestic violence, showing that children are often more aware of domestic violence than is realised, although they dont often understand what is natural event, nor why it is happening (Mullender et al., 2002). It was also reported that children worry about their parents more than is recognised, even though most children choose not to talk about this to anyone, and actively try to avoid the problem by distracting themselves physically and emotionally (Gorin, 2004). When asked about why they chose not to share their experiences with others, a fear of not being believed by professionals was the generally reported concern, with the fear that help will not be forthcoming when asked for being another commonly reported concern (Gorin, 2004). In addition, children report not having any idea of where they can go to get help, which stops them asking for help, although the majority of children affected by domestic violence reported that they long for someone to talk to about the violence, in terms of having someone to take heed to them and to provide comfort and reassurance to them (Gorin, 2004). During the course of the research, it was found that children most asked for information to help them understand what was happening to their parents, and why they werent able to stop the violence (Gorin, 2004).In practical terms, this function, of knowing about the violence but not being able to do anything to stop it, and feeling they do not have anyplace to turn to report the violence, can lead to many problems for the children. Children who have experienced domestic violence generally feel the y have to be more amenable in the home than othert children, in terms of undertaking more practical tasks around the home, often as a way of trying to avoid the violence by pre-empting arguments, for example (Gorin, 2004). This responsibility, or knowing about the violence but feeling there is nothing that can be done about it, and the responsibility of taking on extra tasks, can lead to children developing sleep problems, being tired, and not paying as much attention as they need at check, leading to problems with their education (Gorin, 2004).Fantuzzo et al. (1997) looked at the effect of domestic violence on children, showing a myriad of adverse cause in children assailable to domestic violence, especially amongst those children who are already exposed to other risk factors such as drug abuse and/or adverse socioeconomic conditions. Fantuzzo and Mohr (1999) keep the work of Fantuzzo et al. (1997), looking at the effects of domestic violence on children, showing that domestic violence has many adverse effects on children, which are modified according to many factors, such as the childs age, the nature of the violence, the severity of the violence and the existence of other risk factors in the childrens lives (such as poverty and substance abuse, for example), but which are, nonetheless severe. Childhood exposure to domestic violence can lead to aggressive behaviour, to increased emotional problems, such as the onset of depression and anxiety, to lower academic achievement and to lower levels of social skills (see Fantuzzo and Mohr, 1999).Baldry (2003) looked at ballyraging in schools following exposure to domestic violence, through a cross-sectional study of 1059 Italian school students using a self-report anonymous questionnaire. It was found that those children who had been subjected to domestic violence (i.e., interparental violence) were far more likely to bully whilst at school than those children who had never been subjected to any form of domest ic violence, thus showing a direct negative effect of domestic violence on childrens behaviour (Baldry, 2003). Bauer et al. (2006) also looked at the relationship between bullying and intimate partner violence, through a self-report questionnaire of 112 children, and found, similarly to Baldry (2003) that children who had been exposed to intimate partner violence in a home setting were more at risk of developing physical aggression and internalised behaviours than children who had never experienced intimate partner violence in the home setting.Hall and Lynch (1998) looked at the lifelong effects of domestic violence on children, finding that separating the causes of domestic violence from its effects and from other match factors, such as poor parenting, poverty, substance abuse, for example, is difficult and that, as such, pinpointing the specific effects of domestic violence on children can be difficult. Hall and Lynch (1998) report, however, that children in violent households ar e three to nine times more likely to be injured and abused, either directly or in the course of trying to protect their parent. In addition, children from violent households are more likely to resist a trope of emotional and psychological problems, including self-harm, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide, along with stress-related health complaints, such as insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome (Hall and Lynch, 1998).In addition, these behavioural and psychological problems can lead to other problems, such as involvement in violence and/or bullying (as seen, see Baldry, 2003 and Fantuzzo et al., 1997), educational failure and/or dropping out of, or being excluded from, school (Woodward et al., 1998) (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, it has been found that if a mother decides to leave her partner and go in to a shelter for the victims of domestic violence, this can lead to the children feeling disjointed from their previous friends and their established social networks, leading to just problems for these children who were already exposed to a high level of stress and emotional and psychological problems (Hall and Lynch, 1998).In addition, it is also known that being exposed to violence in the home can lead to juvenile crime, with many child victims of juvenile crime being the subject of youth criminal sentences (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, the effects of domestic violence on children are long-lasting, with anti-social behaviour at the age of seven being highly correlated with violent behaviour towards partners in later life (Hall and Lynch, 1998), mediated, as has been seen, through the process of social learning theory (Bandura, 1973).Chapter 3 Protecting children from domestic violenceThis section of the dissertation addresses the issue of protecting children from domestic violence in terms of the child protection issues that need to be taken into consideration.As children suffer many and varied consequences of domestic violence, including direct child abuse by the perpetrator of the violence and indirect consequences of witnessing the violence, such as emotional, psychological and physical ill-health, the child protection issues that need to be taken in to consideration are many and varied. In those cases where child abuse is suspected, the child needs to be protect against this abuse. This could mean removing the child in to care, or working with the mother to encourage the mother to move, with the child, in to a refuge to avoid the domestic violence. The particular alternative chosen by social workers depends on the risks assessed in the particular situation.In terms of protecting children more generally, in terms of identifying possible negative effects on children from domestic violence, for example, all health professionals should be aware of the effects of domestic violence, and possible symptoms of domestic violence on children, which, if not physical, can be noted in the childs behaviou r. Medical professionals who come in to contact with children should be trained in detecting these signs of domestic violence in children, with adequate screening programmes in place to detect such signs and to enable children to deal with the problems that domestic violence presents to them, in terms of being given the opportunity, in a safe and confidential manner, to talk about what is happening in their household, how they feel about this, what problems this is presenting to them and what needs to be done about the situation. Children are maybe more likely to want to talk to the school nurse, or to a GP than to any other professionals, as there is some previous relationship established and some form of trust that has already been built up (Hall and Lynch, 1998). It is essential that teaching about domestic violence be mandatory for all professionals involved in multi-agency teams dealing with child protection issues (see Hendry, 1999).This section of the dissertation presents a discussion of the role of the mother and why her socio-economic status and culture is important. Protecting the mother, in terms of protecting the child, is then discussed, in terms of whether, for example, it is best for children to live with both parents, even when there is domestic violence occurring.It has been found that there is a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment (see Hartley, 2002), in that adverse socioeconomic factors are more likely to correlate with domestic violence and child neglect (including child abuse). Walby and Allen (2004) also found that those women who lived in a household earning less than 10,000 were three and a half more times likely to be the subject of domestic violence than a women in a household earning more than 20,000, although it was admitted that the correlations between domestic violence and poverty are unclear. For example, poverty could be the cause of domestic violence, or could be the outcome of domestic viol ence, in that women who have fled domestic violence often end up living on low income (Walby and Allen, 2004).Thus, whilst there are some correlations as to the socioeconomic status of the mother and the probability of being the subject of domestic violence, the links have not been researched fully and, as such, no causal relationships can be found. What is clear, however, is that where there is poverty, or perceived financial problems, there is more likely to be domestic violence, and that where there is domestic violence, there is likely to be some form of child neglect or child abuse also going on. Mothers, therefore, have a responsibility, within the framework of them being victims themselves, to their children, in terms of protecting them, as far as possible, from the violence.This is itself a mingled issue, however, as many women have nowhere to flee to when they leave a violent partner, meaning the women often end up in temporary refuges or low-standard rented accommodation, often outside of the area where their children go to school, often leading to further psychological problems for their children, who then feel isolated from their friends and support networks, which can lead to further emotional and psychological problems for these children (Gorin, 2004 Hall and Lynch, 1998). It is reported that the mother often die hards in the household and subjects herself to domestic violence because of fear of what leaving the household would do to their children (see Nicolson et al., 2006).Hazen et al. (2006) looked at female care-givers experiences of domestic violence and behaviour problems in their children, finding that serious problems are faced by children when the mother is subjected to domestic violence, and that these children need to be helped as far as possible in terms of addressing the problems that these children face. If the mother decides not to leave the abusive partner, therefore, the mother has a responsibility to her child(ren) that she w ill understand that they are treated as far as possible for these problems. Again, however, this is complicated by the fact that mothers often want to hide the fact that they are being abused from their children, and, as such, do not discuss this with their children. This is a fallacy, however, as shown by Gorin (2004), as children are often far more aware of what is happening than they are given credit for, and the untreated consequences of the domestic violence can lead to major future health and behaviour problems for children (see, for example, Hall and Lynch, 1998).The problems facing mothers who are the victims of domestic violence are many and varied. They are the subject of abuse themselves, which can leave them feeling ashamed and not willing to discuss this with anyone, not even their children. Their children, aware of what is going on, but unable to talk to their mothers then begin to develop problems, which if the mother even recognises these problems are then not tre ated, as they are viewed, by the mother, as part and parcel of the same humiliating violence they are subject to. The effects of the violence are thus perpetrated, often with severe long-term consequences (Hall and Lynch, 1998).It will be argued, however, that is the responsibility of the mother to protect her child, as the childs care-giver, against domestic violence and against the effects of domestic violence. However, this is not as straight-forward as it seems, for, in addition to the humiliation that women feel when being abused, there are also financial concerns about how the mother would support her child(ren) if she leave the violent partner. Many women victims of domestic violence argue that subjecting their children to poverty is worse than having them witness domestic violence (Gorin, 2004) and so they stay with the partner who is violent towards them, subjecting their children to the range of emotional, psychological and physical health problems already discussed (see, for example, Hall and Lynch, 1998).Thus, the responsibility of a mother to protect her child(ren) against domestic violence and against the effects of domestic violence is a complicated issue. If there is child abuse present, it is obviously the mothers responsibility to involve the police, and to ensure that the perpetrator is brought to justice, although, as has been seen, this is not as calorie-free as it sounds, as women often have difficulty in approaching the police, witnessed by the low reporting rates of serious instances of criminal domestic violence to the police reported in Walby and Allen (2004).If, however, as has been seen, the violence is mainly directed against the mother, and the mother feels it is better for the sake of the children, on balance, to stay in the violent household, whilst the violence is only directed towards her, then that is the mothers decision, as a balance between the effects of the domestic violence on the children and the potential effects of moving to a new place and living in worse conditions than their current conditions, and the further emotional and psychological problems this would present to the child(ren).If the mother makes the decision to stay with the violent partner as this is, on balance, the best option out of two possible sub-optimal options, then, in these situations, where the violence is not thought to be serious enough, by the victim, to warrant reporting or to warrant leaving the partner, even though the child(ren) is/are being affected by domestic violence, the question then becomes how to protect the mother, in order to ensure the best protection of the child. This question will be elaborated on in the next sections of the dissertation.Chapter 5 The multi-agency approach to child protectionThis section provides an analysis of the multi-agency approach to child protection, examining its advantages and disadvantages. The available services for children living with domestic violence are also discussed , as are the policy and legislation against domestic violence and pro child protection in the UK. Through this, the dissertation moves on to analyse the intervention strategies that are available to protect children, in terms of the extent to which prevention is possible and how.As shown by Mirrlees-Black (1999), only about half of the victims of domestic violence told someone about the violence, most likely to be a friend or relative, with the police being notified of an attack in only about 12% of the violent episodes reported in the survey. Medical staff were the next likely to hear about the domestic violence, in about 10% of the violent episodes reported, and were reported to have been more likely to offer help and advice than the police (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Overall, Mirrlees-Black, (1999) found it more likely that the victims of serious attacks (i.e., those regarded as a crime) would report these attacks to the police, with those women who felt responsible in some way for t he attack being less likely to report the attack, even if the attack was criminal in manifestation (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). There is, thus, a massive problem with reporting domestic violence, something that

Effects of Caffeine on the Brain

Effects of caffein on the BrainLiterature ReviewEffects of wet on the clay.2.0.1 zipper level.In order to increase force level, the human body has to be kept hydrated constantly. The human brain is mostly made up of water hence it is of utmost importance that we keep our brain hydrated to obtain maximum productivity and alertness (Simonds,N.D). A well hydrated body bequeath create higher amounts of oxygen levels present in the body, which ordain provide us with more energy. The increased energy levels go out make a psyche more alert and even lift their mood (Bernstein, 2012). Even if the level of water in the body is at least one percent infra the optimal water level, the person get out feel fatigue (Chasey,N.D).2.0.2 Effects of tipsiness water on the brainWater provides the brain with electrical energy in order for all the functions of the brain to be carried out, which includes thought and computing machine storage processes. It has also been proven to help a person be more focused, has the susceptibility to experience greater clarity creativity and think faster (Bailey, 2013). A ignorevass was carried out on participants who drank three cups of water which was 24 ounces, or 775 milliliters. after(prenominal) taking a battery of cognitive tests, the participants who drank water performed better on a test that measured reaction time compargond with those who did not drink water. The researchers contemplated that the proclivity sensation of the participants may urinate findn some attention a centering from their working class at hand, departing in a slower response time (Rettner, 2013). However, in another study, water consumption did not doctor the results on other tests of cognition much, such as retrospection of words (Rettner, 2013).2.1Effects of caffein on the Brain2.1.1AlertnessAdenosine is a naturally occurring neuro committer in our brain. Adenosine is produced as long as we are awake as our brain has neurons. These neurons ar e specialised cells that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another in order for us to carry out daily activities.Adenosine is a by product of the functioning neuron. The Adenosine produced will then bind to adenosine receptors which is a method used by our body to detect the amount of adenosine in our body. When the amount of adenosine in our body reaches a reliable amount, the randomness will be sent to our brain or spinal cord create us to feel tired.Caffeine, like the Adenosine, also binds to the Adenosine Receptors. Compared to adenosine molecules, Caffeine molecules have the capability to bind faster to adenosine receptors. As such, when the Caffeine molecules are binded before the Adenosine molecules, the Caffeine molecules blocks the Adenosine Receptors from causing any effects of tiredness or sleepiness in our body (Goodwin, 2013). Figure 2.1 In the brain Caffeine (C) binds faster to adenosine receptors. Adenosine (A), which is a natural sedative, will be preven ted from attaching itself therefore, causing alertness.2.1.2AdrenalineSince caffein prevents the adenosine from binding with the adenosine receptor, loose neuron activation will occur (N.A, 2009). This will pull in the pituitary gland to release a certain hormone into the bloodstream which will affect the adrenal glands to produce adrenaline which is a flight or fright hormone (Veracity, 2005). The flight or fright hormone is our bodys way to prepare ourselves to fight or flee in situations that make us feel as if we are under attack, threatened or harmed the response produced is primitive, self-moving and an innate (Neimark, N.D).Adrenaline will also cause an increase in muscle tension, blood pressure, respiration, heart rate, metabolism, mental alertness, emotional and a decrease in digestion, fire hormones, mental creativity, emotional stability will be decreased (Bay, N.D)2.2Importance of taking caffein in moderation2.2.1Caffeine gross profit marginTolerance is the minif y stimulus towards a drug, which will occur when the drug is duplicateedly used until the body has adapted to its presence (Hussar, 2013). on that pointfore a higher dose of drugs will be needed to achieve the said(prenominal) outcome achieved initially (NIH, 2007).Since caffein is a drug, likewise much intake of it will cause us to be tolerant to it. This is due to the gradual creation of adenosine receptors by the brain cells to re-balance the adenosine receptors that have been blocked by caffeine molecules (Stromberg,2013). Eventually more adenosine receptors will be produced, causing the need of more caffeine molecules to block the extra adenosine receptors created in order to achieve the same effect that was intended (Stromberg,2013). Off and on, drinkers require little amounts of caffeine for optimal performance during cognitive tasks while habitual drinkers require a higher dosage of caffeine to achieve the same effect (Papadeli, Papadelis, Louizos, Tziampiri, 2002).2.2. 2Effect of drinking caffeine near bed timeFor a regular drinker the ingestion of caffeine will not affect much but if a person is not a regular drinker he or she may find it difficult to fall asleep (Keeffe, 2011). These problems usually arise during the digestion of caffeine in the body. Caffeine will be mainly digested in the liver by a liver enzyme to produce Theophylline, Theobromine, and Paraxanthine separately (Gabriel, 2000). Paraxanthine molecule has almost the same structure and effect as caffeine on the brain (Gabriel, 2000). If the intake of caffeine increases, the amount of caffeine and Paraxanthine that will be accumulated in the body will also increase (Keeffe, 2011). Adenosine that has been produced in the body can only be take through sleep. Therefore insufficient sleep will cause tiredness and unproductivity throughout the following day which will lead to another cup of coffee to overcome that tiredness. The more caffeine ingested, the more adenosine and caffeine m olecules will be accumulated in the body by night. The half life of one dosage of caffeine is 3-7 hours but if more caffeine is accumulated in our body the half life of caffeine can increase from 11-96 hours or even days (Keeffe, 2011).2.2.3Effects of high doses of caffeine on cognition.It is important to take caffeine in moderation which is round 200 to 300 mg per day (Rivers, 2012). If caffeine is taken in excess which is more than 500 to 600 mg it will disturb our body systems as caffeine is a drug that can cause our adrenal glands to release adrenaline. Therefore, a person may keep going from insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, up tog stomach, fast heartbeat and muscle tremors if adrenaline is released in excess in a persons body (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The more severe symptoms of caffeine overdose is trouble of breathing, vomiting, hallucinations, confusion, chest pain, irregular or fast heartbeat and uncontrollable muscle movements, convulsions (Rivers, 2012). Ca ffeine will also block our adenosine receptors therefore too much caffeine will result in sleep passing. A normal person needs about 7 to 8 hours of sleep. Sleep deprivation is caused by the disruption in the sleep cycles which may eventually cause to the feeling of tiredness, moody and depression. Sleep deprivation will also disrupt a persons performance and alertness during the day (Mayo Clinic, 2014).2.2.4Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognition.A study was once done to study the effects of low doses of caffeine on cognition of 11 males and 12 females aged between 18 and 56. The respondents were either given 0, 12.5, 25, 50 or degree Celsius mg of caffeine. Their performance was tested by using a test battery that consisted of a long duration simple reaction time test, a rapid visual cultivation processing task and a mood questionnaire. All the doses of the caffeine had influenced cognitive performance, there were minimal differences between the dosage size. The effects o f caffeine were more obvious in those that were regular caffeine consumers. After a night without caffeine, the participants cognitive performance, mood and thirst has been affected even at doses same as and even lesser than the amounts of caffeine contained in a single serving of beverages containing caffeine (Smit, Rogers, 2000).2.3Effect of caffeine on Memory2.3.1 schooling processing model processes memoryThe Information Processing Theory assumes that human memory is formed in the same way that a computer processes information. There are 3 stages of memory which are sensory memory, short- name memory, and long-term memory (Cherry, N.D).. A computer receives information from external devices codes information followed by storing the information into its memory and uses the information to produce an output (McLeod, 2008). In humans, memory is formed by the input device called the sensory register, which consist of our five senses namely taste, touch, sight, tryout and smell that enables us to receive information from our surroundings. The information received by our sensory memory will then undergo selective attention and the selected memory will be stored into our short term memory. utterly term memory information that has been selected will be held temporarily so that it can be used, removed or transferred into our long term memory. Information that is stored in the long term memory can be stored for a very long time.2.3.2Short term memory and working memoryShort term memory and working memory are often used interchangeably (Posit Science, 2015). The ability to store information temporarily for immediate retrieval and removal is short term memory, while working memory is the processing of information stored in the short term memory for manipulation (Examined existence, N.D). Information that has undergone selective attentionduring sensory memory will be generated in the short term memory (Cherry, N.D). The function of Short-term memory is to choose, pro pel and discontinue information-processing functions which consist of encoding, storing and retrieving data to and from the long term memory (Medicine.net, 2013). Short term memory has limited capacity and can only store about cardinal plus minus 2 items and it also has limited duration as it is very fragile and can be lost whenever there are distractions (Mc Leod, 2009).2.3.3The magic snatch seven plus and minus twoMiller discovered in 1956 that an average adult can store about seven plus minus two items in their short term memory (Bilash, 2011). If information is chunked together, we will be able to store more information (Mc Leod, 2009).2.4Short term memory test2.4.1MASThe Memory Assessment Scale has three areas of cognitive functionMAS is a comprehensive battery that has the ability to assesses a persons short-term, verbal and visual memory functioning. In order to assess memory, this battery has 12 subtest that are based on the 7 memory task which are Verbal Span, List Learni ng, Prose memory, Visual Span, Visual Recognition, Visual Reproduction and Names-Faces. The verbal span test is a test whereby a series of song will be make forward and rearward to the participants slowly beginning with 2 numbers to 3 numbers to 4 numbers up till 9 numbers, participants are then required to repeat the numbers said by the examiner in the correct order.2.4.2Wechsler Memory ScaleA set of numbers will be announced through headphones to the participants at the rate of 1 word per second. Digits are chosen at random without repetition up to of 9 digits (when participants has a gone more than 9 numbers single digit will be doubled). The successive digits cannot occur in ascending or descending order with equal step sizes. A notification will be shown to alert the participants after the final digit at an interval of 1.0 s, so that the participants will know when to repeat the duration said. The digit sequence was shown on the examiners monitor during its list presentati on and the response of the participants were analysed by the examiner using the computer keyboard. The participant is then told to repeat the numbers that were shown or read to them.2.4.3 Digit span testA list of numbers are shown or read out to the participants. This process is continued until the participant cannot remember either the full sequence of numbers or the correct order of numbers. In the reverse streak of the Digit Span a series of numbers will be read to the participant and the participant will be asked to repeat the number sequence that was said by the examiner in the reverse order. This sequence of number is continued until the participant makes an error. Participants are given two chances for each sequence of number because both forward and reverse trials are given twice. The score of the Digit Span test is calculated by adding the total number of correct sequences, backwards and forwards. This test is also scored differently for a range of ages. For an adult to sc ore an average score is about six numbers both backwards and forwards. plot of ground above average is anything over seven. Because of time limits, the computerized version of this test will only be able to measure the participants ability to repeat back a number sequence in the forward order. The 15 minute time limit should not greatly affect the results. An accurate result will be obtained and the participants working memory can be viewed (Mendez,N.D).ReferencesMaryann Gromisch, 2014, Stimulant Effects of Caffeine, Retrieved from the piece spacious wind vane on thirteenth April 2015 from http//www.livestrong.com/article/266388-stimulant-effects-of-caffeine/Dani Veracity, Tuesday, October 11, 2005, The hidden dangers of caffeine How coffee causes exhaustion, fatigue and addiction, Retrieved from the realism bulky Web on 15th April 2015 from http//www.naturalnews.com/012352_caffeine_coffee.htmlHowStuffWorks.com, Why does caffeine keep you awake? Retrieved from the World Wide W eb on 21 January 2009. 9th April 2015, http//health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/caffeine-awake.htmEli Bay, N.D, THE STRESS REACTION FLIGHT OR FIGHT, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7th April 2015 from http//www.elibay.com/understanding-stress.htmlDaniel A. Hussar, 2013, Tolerance and Resistance to Drugs, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7th April 2015, from http//www.merckmanuals.com/home/drugs/factors_affecting_response_to_drugs/tolerance_and_resistance_to_drugs.htmlNIH ,2007, The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 10th April 2015 from http//www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/neurobiology-drug-addiction/section-iii-action-heroin-morphine/6-definition-toleranceJoseph Stromberg, 2013, This Is How Your Brain Becomes habituated to Caffeine, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 18th April 2015 from http//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-is-how-your-brain-becomes-addicted-to-caffeine-26861037/?no-istKaryn OKe effe, March 2011, Caffeine affects your sleep. No ifs, no buts. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 18th April 2015 from http//sciblogs.co.nz/sleep-on-it/2011/03/11/caffeine-affects-your-sleep-no-ifs-no-buts/Gerald Gabriel, 26 August 2000, The Drug of Choice Caffeine and the Brain, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 5th May 2015 from http//brainconnection.brainhq.com/2000/08/26/the-drug-of-choice-caffeine-and-the-brain/Travis Bradberry, 21st August 2012, Caffeine The Silent Killer of Emotional Intelligence. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7th May 2015 http//www.forbes.com/sites/travisbradberry/2012/08/21/caffeine-the-silent-killer-of-emotional-intelligence/McLeod, S. A., 2009, Short Term Memory, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 9th May 2015 from http//www.simplypsychology.org/short-term-memory.htmlKendra Cherry, N.D, What Is Memory?, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 11th May 2015 from http//psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/memory.htmSandy McAlpine, Coffe e consumption can improve alertness concentration, viewed on 11th May 2015, http//www.coffeeassoc.com/contact-us/coffee-consumption-can-improve-alertness-concentration/Kim Ann Zimmermann, January twenty-eighth 2014 , What is Short-Term Memory Loss?, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 13th May2015 from, http//www.livescience.com/42891-short-term-memory-loss.htmlMedicine.net, 28th August 2013, Definition of Short-term memory, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 16thMay 2015, from, http//www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7142Posit Science, 2015, Short-Term Memory, viewed 17th May 2015, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 16th May 2015 from, http//www.brainhq.com/brain-resources/memory/types-of-memory/short-term-memoryExamined existence, N.D, Difference Between Short-Term, Long-Term, and Working Memory, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 17th May2015, from http//examinedexistence.com/difference-between-short-term-long-term-and-working-memory/Olenka Bilash, 2011, Millers Magical Number, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 17thMay2015, from http//www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/best%20of%20bilash/miller.htmlChrysoula Kourtidou-Papadeli, Christos Papadelis, Alexandros-Louizos Louizos, * a Olympia Guiba-Tziampiri. 2002. Maximum cognitive performance and physiological time trend measurements after caffeine intake. Cognitive brain research, 13(3),pp407-15.Mayo clinic staff, 14th April2014, Caffeine How much is too much?, Mayo clinic,viewed 19th May 2015,http//www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678?pg=1Mayo clinic staff, 14th April2014, Caffeine How much is too much?, Mayo clinic,viewed 19th May 2015,http//www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678?pg=2Autumn Rivers, 16th July 2012, Caffeine Overdose, Healthline, viewed on 19thMay 2015, http//www.healthline.com/health/caffeine-overdoseOverview1Smit, H.J Rogers, P.J.2000.Effect s of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology,152,167-173.Neil F. Neimark, M.D.,N.D,5 Minute Stress Mastery, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 1st June 2015 from http//www.thebodysoulconnection.com/EducationCenter/fight.htmlDavid Schardt, celestial latitude 2012, Caffeine, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 1st June 2015 from http//www.cspinet.org/nah/articles/caffeine.htmlSeth Simonds, N.D, 7 Caffeine-Free Ways to Increase Alertness, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on second June 2015 from http//www.lifehack.org/articles/productivity/7-caffeine-free-ways-to-increase-alertness.htmlKatie Chasey, N.D, 8 NATURAL WAYS TO FUEL YOUR ENERGY LEVEL THROUGH THE DAY, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 2nd June 2015 from http//breakingmuscle.com/health-medicine/8-natural-ways-to-fuel-your-energy-level-through-the-dayChris Bailey, 6th June 2013, 9 brain foods that will improve your focus and concentration, R etrieved from the World Wide Web on 2nd June 2015 from http//alifeofproductivity.com/9-brain-foods-that-will-boost-your-ability-to-focus/Rachael Rettner, 16th July 2013, Drinking Water May Provide kind Boost, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 2nd June 2015 from http//www.livescience.com/38212-drinking-water-mental-performance.htmlBecky Bernstein, 10th June 2015, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 2nd June 2015 from http//relaj.com/good-hydration/2012/06/feeling-tired-drink-water-to-energize-your-mind-and-body/Leonardo Mendez, Joseph Dougherty, Marissa Martinez, Brendan Griffin and Greg Lemay, N.D, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 2nd June 2015 from http//www.anselm.edu/internet/compsci/faculty_staff/mmalita/HOMEPAGE/ProjectPsychWEB/lmendez/Project/index.html

Essay --

I am an Armenian, through my veins flows the clear blood of my ancients. We live on a small piece of land called Armenia. My countrycomes from the ancient times, it is withal old and at the same time too young with its independence. I am the inheritor of the Seven,Yerevan, the Aragats, Garni, Ejmiatsin and finally the inheritor of my dear Vanadzor. Vanadzor is a mountain town of unparalleledbeauty, realm of forest-covered mountains, of dizzy gorges and bubbling rivers. Vanadzor was outstandingly damaged during the1988earthquake. At that time a lot of people came to help us. Though I am eighteen I pretend up stories about that earthquake told by myparents and grandparents and I also remember the citizens that came to help us. Among them were Garbachov, Eltsin and many otherpeople from all over the world. They were really global citizens. It is unforgettable the deeds done by them. Here we can reckon that theyare respected not only for their personality but as well as their deeds .As we know a citizen is a person who has jural rights in a country. We are all citizens in our countries, but there are citizens whom wecan call global. As for me in the range of global citizens the showtime ones are the people who have the Nobel Prize for peace. I want tomention about a woman called Mother Teresa (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu). I feel a great respect to this woman and also great respectfor her deeds as it is unforgettable and will remain in the memories of generations forever. I should say that she had a too difficult lifeas her father died and left them in poorness. At the age of 18 she left her parental home and went to an Irish community of nuns. afterwardsa few months of training Mother Teresa went to India and took her initial vows as a ... ...ove the life of homeless children chargeswith the energy and foretaste for achieving my destination.I am still a teenager and have a lot of things to learn. I know that first of all I must be a good citizen for my country as I know that mynation tried to decline the right of its independence from the first moment of our history and our generation is to keep and improveeverything we have. I think that a man must live his life so that he could add at least a bit amount of colour and comprehend to his life andwhat is more to the lives of others in order to keep truth, joy and meaning in every minute of his life. Now I look back and soak up thatall the volunteering programs where I took part were just a little sheet of paper from the book I must fulfill, but I do hope that one day Iwould have done something for society and will be glad and a little proud of my past

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of ReactionPlanWe must produce a piece of coursework investigating the rates ofreaction, and the effect different changes have on them. The rate ofreaction is the rate of loss of a reactant or the rate of organisation ofa product during a chemical reaction. There argon five factors whichaffect the rate of a reaction, according to the collision theory ofreacting particles temperature, concentration (of solution), public press(in gases), surface are (of solid reactants), and catalysts.I allow for investigate the effect temperature has on a reaction.AimTo investigate how a change in temperature effects the rate of achemical reaction.The reaction that will be used isSodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid -- Na2S2O3(aq)+ 2HCl(aq)Sodium Chloride + Water + Sulphur Dioxide + 2NaCl (aq)+ H2O(l)+ SO2(g)+ Sulphur-S (s)PredictionI annunciate that as the temperature is increased the rate of reactionwill increase. This means that the graph drawn up in my analysis willhave positive correlation, and will probably be curved as the increasein rate of reaction will not be exactly the same as the temperature isincreased. This discharge be justified by relating to the collision theory.When the temperature is increased the particles will have more(prenominal) energyand thus move hot. Therefore they will collide more often and withmore energy. Particles with more energy are more likely to overcomethe activation energy barrier to reaction and thus react successfully.If solutions of reacting particles are made more concentrated thereare more particles per unit volume. Collisions between reactingparticles are therefore more likely to occur. All this can beunderstood better with full understanding of the collision theoryitselfFor a reaction to occur particles have to collide with each other.Only a abject percent result in a reaction. This is due to the energybarrier to overcome. Only particles with enough energy to overcome thebarrier will react after(prenominal) colliding. The minimum energy that a particlemust have to overcome the barrier is called the activation energy. Thesize of this activation energy is different for different reactions.If the frequency of collisions is increased the rate of reaction willincrease. However the percent of successful collisions remains thesame. An increase in the frequency of collisions can be achieved by change magnitude the temperature, concentration, pressure, and surface area.Also I predict that if the temperature is doubled, then the time takenfor would be more than half because not only would the particles bemoving faster to create more collisions, but they would also have moreenergy so there would be more successful collisions

Loons :: essays research papers

"The Loons"     Piquette Tonnerre was daughter of Lazarus. She had long black hair and her broad coarse-featured face outwear on expression Piqutte was thirteen historic period old. She was older than Vanessa, but they were together in the same grade. Piquette failed several grades, because her attendance had always been sporadic and her interest in school wee-wee was negligible. She missed a lot of school because she had tuberculosis of the bone, and had once spent months in hospital Piquettes voice was hoarse and she was limping when she was walking. She wore grimy equivalent dresses that were always miles too long.     Jules Tonnerre built a sm only square cabin which was made of poplar poles and chinked with mud. He Built it roughly fifty years before, when he came back from Batoche with a bullet in his thigh. Jules had only intended to stay the winter in the Wachakwa Valley.     The cottage on Diamond Lake had a point out on the roadway bore in austere letters name MacLead. It was a large cottage it was on the lakefront. Everything around the cottage were ferns, and sharp-branched raspberry bushes, and moss that had large over fallen tree trunks. Above the backdoor there was the broad moose antlers that hung there.     Vanessa loved the summer at Diamond Lake because she loved to listen to the loons all night. She also loved because she would go swimming in the lake. Vanessa also loved to go there because she could spent more time with her father. For example they would go at night to the lake to listen to the loons carefully because some day they can just disappear. She also loved it because she got to see her best friend Marvis.     Piquette wasnt actually enkindle in the surrounding and the loons or the lake. Most of her time she spent on the cottage with Beth helping to do the dishes or with Roddie. Every time when Vanessa asked her abou t the nanter she sounded like she didnt care about it or she didnt that she didnt know anything about nature.     Piquette reacted this way because she never used to go places like Diamonds Lake. She always had to do all the work at home for example, she had to clean.     Vanessa Piquette four years later, one Saturday night when Mavis and her were having Cokes in the Regal Cafe. Piquette was seventeen but Vanessa thought she looked like twenty.

Gettysburg :: American America History

GettysburgBy late later onnoon, on the 2nd July, 1863, after fierce hand to hand fighting, Major General John B. Hoods 3rd Divisions flanking ravish on Big cycle per second Top had been successful. Meade realising the lack of array on the Round Tops had rushed the 1st Maine to try to thwart Jackson who having permit Hood bypass reap hooks force in the Peach Orchard caught substance out in front of the main Union lines and seize the Top (s). Sickle was outflanked and held by Laws Brigade leaving only the 1st Maine to take the brunt of the cleanup power of the massed Confederate infantry. Colonel Chamberlain, holding was killed in the first volley and whatever esprit de corps the Union troops retained was soon broken. It was over in slight than ten minutes, the remnants of the Federal forces streamed back to the relative safety of their main line on Cemetery Ridge.Hood sent reports of the securing of the Tops to Jackson.ThomasStonewall Jackson had assumed command of the Army o f Northern Virginia after Robert E. lee(prenominal) was wounded by a stray lather late on the afternoon of the 1st. though not serious, General Lee had shrapnel wounds to both legs and concussion and command had passed to his deputy, Jackson. Jackson sent for Lieutenant-General Longstreet and ordered him to get his torpedo onto the Tops and commence bombardment of Meades forces. Cabells Battalion of Artillery is despatched to Big Round Top and commences an immediate cannonade. Alexander has despatched half his cannon to assist and by 7.00pm 67 cannon are belching their deadly breath down on Cemetery Ridge.In the pitch dark lit only by the mystify bursts of the Confederate fire the Union troops mill about in panic. Orders are countermandered , duplicated and totally confused as officers try to keep their various charges in check. The casualty toll is becoming horrendous and more and more troops are trying to flee the field. Unfortunately, in the dark they have little good sense o f direction and hundreds are going from one field of slaughter to another(prenominal) as Ewell has his men on battle stations on the right flank. Those fleeing front rush into Picketts command . At 10 pm the bombardment ceases as the Rebel artillerists realise they are running low on ready supplies of shells. Though they would not realise until morning that the battle was won, they had done the damage with their level fusilade.Gettysburg American America HistoryGettysburgBy late afternoon, on the 2nd July, 1863, after fierce hand to hand fighting, Major General John B. Hoods 3rd Divisions flanking attack on Big Round Top had been successful. Meade realising the lack of troops on the Round Tops had rushed the 1st Maine to try to thwart Jackson who having let Hood bypass Sickles force in the Peach Orchard caught way out in front of the main Union lines and seize the Top (s). Sickle was outflanked and held by Laws Brigade leaving only the 1st Maine to take the brunt of the killing power of the massed Confederate infantry. Colonel Chamberlain, commanding was killed in the first volley and whatever morale the Union troops retained was soon broken. It was over in less than ten minutes, the remnants of the Federal forces streamed back to the relative safety of their main line on Cemetery Ridge.Hood sent reports of the securing of the Tops to Jackson.ThomasStonewall Jackson had assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia after Robert E.Lee was wounded by a stray shell late on the afternoon of the 1st. Though not serious, General Lee had shrapnel wounds to both legs and concussion and command had passed to his deputy, Jackson. Jackson sent for Lieutenant-General Longstreet and ordered him to get his artillery onto the Tops and commence bombardment of Meades forces. Cabells Battalion of Artillery is despatched to Big Round Top and commences an immediate cannonade. Alexander has despatched half his cannon to assist and by 7.00pm 67 cannon are belching their dea dly breath down on Cemetery Ridge.In the pitch dark lit only by the shell bursts of the Confederate fire the Union troops mill about in panic. Orders are countermandered , duplicated and totally confused as officers try to keep their various charges in check. The casualty toll is becoming horrendous and more and more troops are trying to flee the field. Unfortunately, in the dark they have little sense of direction and hundreds are going from one field of slaughter to another as Ewell has his men on battle stations on the right flank. Those fleeing forward rush into Picketts command . At 10 pm the bombardment ceases as the Rebel artillerists realise they are running low on ready supplies of shells. Though they would not realise until morning that the battle was won, they had done the damage with their evening fusilade.

Keats wrote Isabella because he wanted to produce a commercial success, :: glish Literature

Keats wrote Isabella because he wanted to produce a commercial success, but he also thought it was overly smokeable, i.e. that critics would ridicule it. What do you consider to be the positive aspects of the poem?Why might it also come been susceptible to criticism?Isabella or the pot of basil was written soon after Keats hadattended lectures by a critic. The critic had suggested that a poetictranslation of the 14th century works by the Italian writer Boccacciocould not fail in the present day. Keatss poem is based upon theItalians story called the Decameron in which Isabellas lovestrengthens due to her loss of her true love, Lorenzo, who herbrothers were unable to accept into the family and so disposed of him.The fact that the poem is based upon someone elses story may founder gotthe poem ridiculed by critics because it was not original also Keatswas not yet a well established poet (as he was from a humblebackground) and so he might have been ridiculed for using otherauthors hard work just for profit and due to the fact that someoneelse thought it would make money Keats may have been contemn as hecouldnt come up with his own inventions. Stealing ideas fromanother may also have caused mocking at Keatss skill to produce hisown works.Another reason that Keats believed that his work was overly smokeable,in other words his poem would go up in smoke too easily, because thecritics may have thought that Keats would go to any lengths for fame,even taking a well known fairy tale story and turning it into a moneymaker for himself. In a letter written to his friend in October 1818Keats revealed that fame was not on his agenda as he described himselfas a camelion poet, camelion has connotations of something whichtakes on the colours of its background in order to camouflage, inother words, Keats was not interested in the conventional things ofpoetry, he wanted to be invisible to others, but his work to be seen.Keats did not want fame, but a reason for him believi ng his work wouldbe subject to ridicule is that others may have believed he was onlywriting for fame.When Keats was preparing for the publication of Isabella he condemnedits inexperience simplicity and mawkishness in terms of itslanguage and the storyline, Keats may have just been covering forhimself and his reputation in case of ridicule, or his writing skillshad improved during the eighteen months prior to its publication, and