The Ghosts of My Lai Essay Example for Free

The Ghosts of My Lai EssaySome cadences events in a persons life can have dramatic effects long by and by the incident is over. If the problems are serious enough, psychological and mental imbalances can occur. Such is the case with backside walk. His participation in the My Lai massacre in Vietnam never leaves his consciousness. It haunts him in the forms of dreams and affects his self perception and behavior. Ultimately, it casts upon him the suspicion of murder. Throughout the details of John and Kathys days at the cabin, Johns nights are troubled by dreams of his time in Vietnam. He dreams of shooting his trenchmate and of other amorphous yet frightening memories. His lack of sleep and the anxiety these dreams cause haunt him during the day as well. His mutterings of bug out Jesus are a concise manifestation of this problem. Other than the dreams, John still internalizes his persona as a sorcerer. From his childhood, John turned to magic to possess his problems disappear , or as he notes, where he could turn bad things into good things and just be happy (OBrien 66). His spawns taunts at his weight and his fathers alcoholism were made easier to bear by his ability to perform tricks.When he goes to Vietnam, he internalizes his role as the magician even more and is devoted the nickname Sorcerer by his platoon mates. However, when he cannot make all the death and destruction disappear, the doubts begin to creep in. He accidentally kills one of his own men, makes him disappear, and this everlastingly affects him through dreams. Later, in the My Lai massacre, he adopts the name Sorcerer himself, perhaps as a way to disengage himself from the murders he was committing and from his ultimate crimes. Once home, he continues this aim to control.He creeps around and spies on Kathy while she is at college, deriving a sordid feeling of power from this secrecy. He acknowledges that The trick then was to be vigilant. He would guard his advantage. The secrets wo uld remain secret the things hed seen, the things hes done. He would repair what he could, he would endure, he would go from twelvemonth to year without letting on that there were tricks (OBrien 46). It sounds as if John cannot separate his experience with death and fear in the war with his fear that his wife result somehow leave him. These feelings followed them throughout their lives, never letting up.Alcoholism also impeded upon their lives. He refuses psychiatric help. Infidelity and the ghosts of Vietnam eventually erupt to the surface, ruining Johns political career. He finds he has lost control of his life, and with the disappearance of his wife, of Kathy herself. At the end, he loses himself, leaving only speculation of what could have happened to his wife. The stress that Wade endured in Vietnam, particularly his role in the My Lai massacre, coupled with the dysfunction in his relationship with his father all led to a frightened but lordly husband in John Wade. The myste ry continues.

Health and Safety in Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety in Social Care EssayThe missionary work The prevention of death, injury and ill health to those at work and those affected by work activities. Shocking failures its why we need to obey the justice We know its an extremely important aspect of keeping. We know on that points been a lot of debate about how to improve it. We know there have been high-profile cases where its failed miserably. But do we really understand what safeguarding means on a day-to-day basis for everyone involved in providing or receiving care? And theres been much discussion about whether adults at significant risk is better. Sometimes theres confusion between safeguarding and adult security system, which relates to probe of abuse rather than its prevention. Health and social care workers protecting the vulnerable The margininology can be an issue in itself. We now associate to adults at risk after the Law Commissions report on adult social care pointed out that the previously acc eptable term vulnerable adult could suggest that the cause of abuse was located with the victim, and didnt place responsibility with the actions of others. The commission found that people saw the term as stigmatising, dated, negative and disempowering. Part of a systemLegislation, regulation and guidance are becoming clearer and more consistent, with the implementation of the Law Commission recommendations on adult protection and making safeguarding adult boards which already exist in most local authorities mandatory.But theres still a lot to learn, not least(prenominal) about what constitutes a safeguarding issue and what relates to everyday management, staff practice, quality and safety. Without that clarity, people may worry about over-reacting or taking the wrong action.

Business Plan For Hot Dog Mania Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Hot Dog alienation Marketing EssayBeing one of the most popular pabulum type in the world, racy- andirons argon sold in enormous quantities worldwide. In the US alone, wad prey around 16 billion warm-dogs every year. Because of the senior soaring demand on this type of food, companies are created every year with the purpose to satisfy the people enquire to eat a very simple, but profuse and tasty food.Hot Dog manic disorder is a start-up political party that leave be entering the Romanian food- suffice industry with a worldwide known harvest-time that is not used by any of the ten big companies in this industry the wild dog. The free-enterprise(a) advantage of this product is that it leave use variant culinary recipes from famous heat fit dog countries and it will offer its customers the possibility to customize their own warm dogs from scratch, while macrocosm able to taste varied world flavors.A French caller-up named Gira Foodservice (Ion escu, C. (April 22, 2009), Radiografia pieei foodservice din Romnia Radiography of the Romanian food service market, http//www.foodandbar.ro/actualitatea/1481-radiografia-pieei-foodservice-din-romania, Retrieved January 05, 2010) published a Romanian sphere report regarding the food-service industry, in which it stated that the market r reddenue for 2008 is approximately 3.4 billion, and it predicts that the market will increase annually with a two-digit percentage. The domestic market of the company is Romania, and in the future, after a country development to at least five major cities, it will address to former(a) Balkan countries similar Bulgaria.The primary customers of the juicy dog products are people living in the urban areas, which pitch a high value for time and mobility, and prefer to eat fast food in hostelry to be able to spare time for otherwise activities. Other customers that will be targeted by HDM will be people who will visit large touristic resorts in the country. The last customer type that HDM targets is the one that is keen on social flatts like concerts, various exhibitions, fairs, and sport games, and would like to wealthy person a snack during a short break.The main priority of this business plan is to set up a fast-food company that will establish various outlets, starting with one on the seaside, with my personal equity. Later on, between three to six months, there will be a further development, were other business partners will be required. political party DescriptionThe company name will be Hot Dog Mania, and it will be a registered trademark together with the company logo and catchword at the Romanian State Office for Inventions and Trademark. The internet domain name will be http//www.hotdog-mania.com and it will drop numerous links that will direct customers to it, depending on the country. For example, the Romanian customers will access the website http//www.hotdog-mania.ro and they will be instantaneously redirec ted to the .com site, with the Romanian language interface.Hot Dog Mania will be a privately held company, registered as a Limited Liability Company, with myself as a sole share afforder. Upon further development to other countries, when the brand will become a franchise, the company will be a franchisor and will run through franchisees as partners in other locations.We will focus on selling mainly hot dogs and drinks. The hot dogs will have dissimilar variations from the original Frankfurters and Wieners to the hot dogs eaten in various counties in the US like Alabama, New York State or in Seattle Washington, or even the Patsos from Turkey. Besides the predetermined hot dogs, the customers will have the opportunity to customize their own hot dogs from scratch, by choosing the sausage, the bun type, the condiments, vegetables, and spices. The drinks will transform from the well knows juices, mineral water, and near beer assortments.HDM will alike have a small merchandise body process, where it will offer its customers hats, badges, T-shirts or various hot dog clothing, in order to remain in the customer attention at all time.Besides the products, the company will try to provide the best smell services in the fast food industry, using the Just in Time method in order to always serve its customers as they derive an order.Our main objective is to provide the high musical note tasty food to our customers faster than a regular fast food. This mission is sustained by some values like highly trained professionals, quality food, and faster than fast.The stave will be initially trained for two weeks, and then the store managers will permanently supervise the staff in order to make them provide the best services. These managers would have a high success rate in the oversight activity because there are a few staff members necessary to run a location.The quality food will be assured by the suppliers, which will be chosen by annual auctions, so the suppliers wit h the best food quality will be selected.Faster than fast the generic service name that HDM chose for representing the Just in Time food preparing strategy, used by McDonalds. This way, there will be calculations of food demand depending on some factors like location, month, date, hour, events or Holidays, and media. The Just in Time method implies that every employee will have its own activity, and it will be perfectly related to the other employees activity, in order to have no time loss between product preparing and supplying. When there will be high customer queues, one member of the staff will use a Palm PDA to collect orders from the queue, and it will automatically send it to the food processing display, so other employees will be able to make the food before the clients arrive to the cash register, in order to make the waiting time lower.The mission of the HDM company providing high quality tasty food to the customers faster than a regular fast food, will be accomplished b y this three main activities.The initial management activity will be conducted by me, and after the opening of another location, two of the staff members will be promoted as store managers one for each location. This content that in the first months I will need to work a little harder in order to both manage the first location, and the company as a whole. After under victorious an ambitious expansion plan, there will be area managers, which will supervise five different management locations in order to assure the correct operations between store managers and employees.Possible management positions will be added later after development, when it will be natural to have a Marketing Manager, a Sales Manager, a Store feat Manager, Human Resources Manager, and Purchasing Manager.Regarding the personnel plan, each location will have two cooks, two cashiers and one store manager that will handle every situation required.Hot Dog Mania locations will be equal by medium and large caravans , that are both mobile and space sufficient for this kind of activity. The first location will be at the seaside, targeting a large number of potential customers, closest to the beach as possible. The fact that the company is using caravans offers the high mobility, which books us to create modern locations in simply a few hours. One day the store stinkpot be at the seaside, and the other day at a concert event in Bucharest. The location will use large LCD screens to display the products and menus, and it will have its own originality in displaying the tasty hot dogs.We will equip the stores with mod technology, and we will aim for maximum cleanliness in order to attract the customers to maintain it. Another facility is to equip the store with umbrellas and tall bar tables, to allow them to eat the food just in front of the store.The mobile locations will be settled with priority to major events, like soccer games, concerts, exhibitions, fairs. There will as well be seasonal l ocations, on the touristic areas, and fixed locations in the major cities, close to downtown.The initial funds will be covered from my own jacket crown, and it will devote and approximate investment of 50,000. The start-up funding necessary is shown in the table on the next pageStart-up FundingStart-up Expenses to Fund800Start-up Assets to Fund43000Total Funding mandatory43800AssetsNon-Cash Assets from Start-up0Cash urgencys from Start-up43800Additional Cash Raised5000Cash Balance on Starting Date48800Total Assets48800Liabilities and Capital LiabilitiesCurrent Borrowing0Long-term Liabilities0Accounts Payable0Other Current Liabilities0Total Liabilities0CapitalPlanned Investment50000Additional Investment Requirement0Total Planned Investment50000Loss at Start-up800Total Capital48800Total Capital and Liabilities48800Total Funding50000The milestones and timelines of the company have been make on a five-year time interval, and they represent objectives of the company. They are shown on the table belowTaskTimelineMilestoneMake a sales volume high enough to reach the break even1 monthReach break evenAcquire the necessary licenses to set locations on events3 months stick location licensesSet up the second location of hot dogs6 monthsAcquire second locationSet up the third location of hot dogs12 monthsAcquire third locationExpand the company to fixed locations in other major cities3 yearsDevelop in other citiesCreate a franchise to the company to have franchisees countrywide3 yearsCreate a Romanian franchiseExpand the company to other countries in the Balkans area5 yearsExpand abroadIndustry Analysis and TrendsThe main characteristics of the fast-food industry are the followingLow cost in comparison to a traditional restaurantThe mobility that it offers to its customers, having them the opportunity to eat the food as they goSpecific demographic identities for customers usually young people, sometimes families, operate by children living in urban areas, and having me dium or lower medium income, although recently young people with high income have developed a sympathy for this kind of foodFaster times in the food preparing, up to a few seconds after the order has been takenDevelopment in many locations, which are very important for this kind of activityHigh competitiveness among companies, based on the fact that customers are not always hard-core to a brand, and will consume the products based primarily on the location of the establishmentThe fast-food industry in Romania has developed sensitivity to seasonality. In this respect, the industry cycle per second has fluctuations especially during the Holidays. For example, at the end of December, during the Christmas Holiday, the Romanians have developed a food cult, when they prepare specific Romanian dishes, which they eat for approximately two weeks. During this time, the fast-food industry suffers a dramatic sales drop. The same phenomenon occurs during the Easter Holiday, when Romanians hav e a highly valued religion holiday. Although these industry cycles are occurring every year, the companies in the market are aware of it, and they are not very affected by it, having time to prepare for these seasonality cycles.The industry life cycle has not yet reached the maturity stage, being in a constant growth for the last ten years. This is happening because the young people, like students, prefer to eat fast food in order to associate to a social trend. Afterwards, even if they have matured and have jobs, they still feel attracted to this food because of the high mobility that it offers.Nevertheless, the state will have a high influence on this trend in the years to come, since they have various campaigns against fast food. Future regulations will impose a vice levy revenue to boost the fast-food prices, and the Ministry of Health is working together with the Ministry of Finance to increase the VAT for this economic sector. Since now, no law like such has been approved in the Romanian Parliament, and it will need the consent of the European Commission.The Romanian fast-food industry is having an accelerating rate of increase, according to a survey made by Euromonitor International (Stoica, A. (May 24, 2007), Fast-food-urile inghit doua miliarde de euro The fast-foods are consume two billion euros, http//www.romanialibera.ro/bani-si-afaceri/a96203-fast-food-urile-inghit-doua-miliarde-de-euro.html, Retrieved January 05, 2010). fit in to them, the average growth rate is close to 26% every year, and in 2005 the industry reached total revenues of $2 billion, and in 2007 it reached to a greater extent than 2 billion. Bucharest is the Romanian city with the highest revenue in this market.The fast-food industry is consisted on many types of food, from the well-known hamburgers, to chicken, pizza, fries, hot dogs, and the Turkish kebab, called Shaorma in Romania. There are a total of more than than 900 fast-food outlets in Bucharest alone, so there is a fierce competition.According to a local novelspaper called Romania Libera (TOP 10 fast-food-uri in Bucuresti Top ten fast-foods in Bucharest (November 10, 2007), http//www.romanialibera.ro/a110940/top-10-fast-food-uri-in-bucuresti.html, Retrieved January 05, 2010), there are ten major enemys on the fast-food market in Bucharest, among them being McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Gregorys, Snack Attack, Burger King, Spring Time, and there is a rather new competitor, on a retail store specialized in furniture, Ikea, that offers food at competitive prices. We will make a detailed analytic thinking of these competitors on the following pages.All of these major competitors gage offer products that represent substitutes to the HDM hot dogs, but they have some differences.McDonalds represents the most important competitor that seat buoy offer substitute products, being the most appreciated fast-food company in Romania. Their products are not similar to hot dogs, but they have many stores al l across the country. Their products have a high demand from customers because of the quality of the food and service. The only d bare-assback of this company is that their food is standardized, and they rarely bring new products on the market. Having the nearest prices to the HDM food, and the same delivery speed, McDonalds is the most significant competitor that can offer substitution products.KFC and Pizza Hut are other competitors that can offer substitution products, although their products are completely different from the hot dogs. In fact, they are very different from another, too. One of them offers chicken recipes, and the other one offers pizza. The only main advantage of these products is that they have a very good taste, and they have various options to choose from. Besides that, the service type is different. Their companies offer customers experiences closer to restaurants, taking long times to prepare, and because of the food type, the customers need to stand at a t able in order to eat them, and it takes quite some time to do so. Another drawback represents the high prices of their food, being at least three times more expensive than a traditional hot dog. The only reason that we can say that these two companies offer substitution products is the fact that they are major players in the fast food-industry.Gregorys and Snack Attack are two fast-food companies offering iciness sandwiches with salami, ham, cheese and some vegetables. They have a few assortments, but their food is cold. The queue time is low, but the prices are considerably higher than a hot dog. Snack Attack has recently developed and is now supplying food to supermarkets, mini markets, and other stores that might have access to events.Ikea has a fast-food division that returns annual revenues worth of 5 million. Although they are specialized in another industry, they have created a fast-food in every store to develop a differentiation competitive advantage, and this strategy has proven to be very efficient. Their food is very cheap, and they are the only competitors that can offer a similar product to HDM. Their hot dogs have the most competitive price on the market, with a price of only 0.25 per unit. The only reason why Ikea cannot become a very strong competitor is that they only build fast-food outlets inside their stores, and at this time, there is only one store in the country.Spring Time and Burger King are two other competitors that can offer substitution products for the HDM hot dogs. While Spring Time has reached a company life cycle of saturation and decline, Burger King is not appreciated by the Romanian consumers, and thus they cannot develop, as they register constant loss every year.Other fast-food firms that are selling hot dogs are insignificant, having just a small stand in the street, with no strategies and development plans, being managed by only one self employed person in general.After this analysis of the competitors, we can observe that the fast-food industry has multiple market segments. These market segments are shown in the chart belowAs shown on this empirical made graph, the hot dog segment in the Romanian fast-food industry is not yet developed, and a strong competitor on this market segment would be able to benefit from this opportunity.McDonalds has had a nonstop market share growth because the customers want to eat faster every year, and they were able to provide that. But a hot dog product can be eaten even in another manner, which would not necessary involve fast eating doing it on the street. As anyone can see in socially developed countries like USA, Germany and Austria, the hot dog products are bought in the middle of the street, and are eaten on the street. This would provide the Romanian customers an even bigger mobility. The product customization will offer them a bigger flexibility. These two advantages combined with the fact that there are no major competitors in the segment, offers to the hot dog product every prerequisite necessary to become a successful brand in the Romanian market. tied(p) if the market trend shows continuous growth every year, the Government regulations might lower the industry growth rate in the upcoming years. But offering a relatively new product in the market, which have not been exploited by other major competitor, will increase the customer interest to it, and will allow a fast development.Country ReportExpansion is a problem which every developing company its asking to itself. Because there are various methods of expanding a company, the pecuniary risks are lowering, and thus allowing growing companies to think about such measures.The first advantage that HDM would benefit from expansion is the fact that it will create an economy of scale. By increasing the total number of customers, than it will increase the order volume that it will make from its suppliers, and then the power of negotiation will increase, and thus, the costs with raw ma terial per unit will be lowered.Another advantage that the company will have is a wider access to the customers, through more fast-food outlets. This should be identify as an opportunity, because at this point a marketing campaign would have expected results, attracting more customers to the stores, and creating a public awareness. If the customers are content with the products and services, then they will become devoted to the brand, although in general this happens to a relatively small number of customers.Higher revenues can be efficiently transferred into management budgets, and allow the company to hire professionals to manage activities with broader instruments and more time than one single manager for all the operations. A Marketing Manager, a Sales Manager, a Store Operation Manager, a Human Resources Manager, and a Purchasing Manager will be key positions to create a professional strategy of product improvement and expansion.By accessing a large number of customers, than th e revenues will grow, and the profits will be increased as well, allowing the company to have future expansion at higher rate, because of the increasing capital.One other advantage that expansion brings to the company is the access to lower cost workforce, and especially in Bulgaria, lower raw materials.Expansion to more than ten different locations can bring in an optimistic fiscal hypothesis the possibility to create a production factory, where the company will have complete access to the raw food processing and it will acquire a complete quality control of the food. Besides, a vertical development can considerably lower the company fixed costs.There is a high opportunity to expand a hot dog company in Romania and even in the Balkans, because the markets have not reached their maturities, and being emerging countries, the middle class will expand in the upcoming decade. This way, the product lifecycle will be rifle to at least five to ten years.The major opportunity of expansion to Bulgaria is that the country has similar fast-food industry segmentation as Romania, where the major competitors are addressing different segments, while the hot dog segment is only represented by small companies with low retaliation power.Another opportunity of expansion is represented by the fiscal measures regulated in the contradictory countries. Bulgaria has lower taxations than Romania, and it will allow Hot Dog Mania to increase its gross profits.Hot Dog Mania will have two different methods to enter foreign markets. The first method is the foreign direct investment which consists in using the companys own capital to expand to foreign markets. The main advantage is that the expansion will have a high profit potential, while it will have a teeming control of the operations.The disadvantage of using the foreign direct investment is that the company will have higher financial risks than if it had used other expansion methods. In the foreign country, the company will have e xposure to political risk, macroeconomic risk, authority abuse risk, and Government regulations. Setting up new headquarters also involves a managerial investment, but with a higher complexity because of two main reasons if the manager is Romanian, than it will have to become accustomed to the foreign country culture, habit and measures of communication and if the manager is foreign, then it will probably have a different perspective over the home country vision, which will be adjusted in a large period of time.The other method that HDM will use to enter foreign markets is the franchise. This is a very easy and financial risk free method to enter other countries. HDM will ask for a monthly franchise tax, and will supply the franchisee with the raw materials as a subcontractor, in order to maintain the food quality and higher income. The company will assess the country potential and will obtain know how about the foreign market, which will allow the company to extend to the country w ith risk free foreign direct investments.Nevertheless, the franchise method also has some disadvantages. Even if it will act as a subcontractor to the franchisee with the food supply, it will still have low margins to allow the franchisee to have competitive prices on the market. These low margins will offer a lower profit than a profit potential of a FDI. Having a franchisee creates dependence with him, because the home company will always need to supervise and check if the quality is maintain at the company standards. Another risk is that the franchisee could learn the know-how of the hot dog company, and create a new company adapted to its market, and act as a competitor.In the first expansion stage, the HDM company will select the franchise method, because its less financial risky than a foreign direct investment, and it will provide every necessary information that will allow the company to create a future FDI.The primary statutory issue of HDMs target country, Bulgaria, is th at the judicial system is not fully independent. According to the Heritage website, in Bulgaria Weak property rights, lingering corruption, and inefficient bureaucracy hold down the countrys overall economic freedom. According to the same website, The non-salary cost of employing a worker is high, but dismissing a redundant employee is costless. Even if these regulations are negative to the judicial aspect of Bulgaria, the Investment Promotion Act offers equal treatment to both foreign investors and local ones. Another regulation that represents a good opportunity to extend to Bulgaria with a foreign direct investment method is the fact that EU members can buy land in this country. This way, opening new locations will allow HDM to have wholly owned subsidiaries. Starting a business in Bulgaria takes approximately 50 days, in comparison to the EU average of 38 days.According to the Heritage website, Bulgarias economic freedom score is 64.6, which is well above the world average. Thi s is primarily because they have high fiscal freedom, with a flat corporate tax of only 10%.The general time lines for going global represent a projected plan, being subjected to different changes in the upcoming years, due to changes that whitethorn occur in the financial status. As in the timeline for the company description, I will use some of the milestones in order to project appropriate timelines for the out-of-town future. The first two milestones that will lead to the extension of the company will be the expanding of the company in other major cities of the home country as a wholly own subsidiaries or franchises, to allow our management to gather enough experience and know-how for future, more complex expansions. After expanding to Bulgaria, the Hot Dog Mania will search other potential locations in the Balkans, with similar people patterns, and similar Government regulations. Considering the fact that the start-up year of the company will be in 2012, the expansion to other countries will take place in 2017. This information is shown on the following table and graph, shown belowEvent / NameStart restLengthExpand in Other Romanian Cities201420151Create a Franchise201420151Expand to Bulgaria201620171Search for Other foreign Countries201620182Expand to Serbia201820191Expand to Slovakia201820213

Impact of Domestic Violence on Children

Impact of Domestic Violence on ChildrenContents interpolationChapter 2 The impacts of internal delirium on baberenChapter 3 def shutting children from house servant hysteriaChapter 5 The multi-agency cuddle to child protectionChapter 6 Policies to protect children against interior(prenominal) forcefulnessConclusions and Recomwork forcedationsReferencesIntroductionThis address looks at internal wildness and the impacts national madness has on children and child protection issues. The dissertation begins with a description of internal forcefulness, including an estimation of the extent of the enigma, illustrated with statistics. The dissertation on that manoeuvrefore moves on to analyse the immediate and long-term impacts of internal force-out on childrens health, education, personality, interact and future kinships. The dissertation so moves on to the issue of protecting children from house servant force play in footing of the child protection issues that pa uperisation to be interpreted into consideration. The dissertation indeed moves on to a discussion of the role of the mother and why her socio-economic status and culture is important. Protecting the mother, in terms of protecting the child, is then discussed, in terms of whether, for example, it is best for children to live with both p bents, even when thither is house servant fierceness occurring.The dissertation then moves on to an analysis of the multi-agency approach to child protection, examining its advantages and disadvantages. The addressable service for children living with internal help vehemence be likewise discussed, as are the policy and legislation against domestic violence and pro child protection in the UK. Through this, the dissertation moves on to analyse the intervention strategies that are available to protect children, in terms of the extent to which prevention is possible and how. The dissertation then moves on to a critic entirelyy analysis of the ro les of policies, legislation, agencies and professionals in protecting children, in terms of whether the legislation enhances or hinders the effectiveness of professional intervention, and what should happen next. The dissertation ends with a conclusions and recommendations section, which provides recommendations as to how child protection can become much than(prenominal) effective.This section presents a description of domestic violence, including an estimation of the extent of the problem, illustrated with statistics.Domestic violence, or advise abetter _or_ abettor violence, or interpersonal associate poke fun, as it is also comm lone roughly(prenominal) known, is a pattern of aggressive behaviours, either physical, sexual or psychological (or either three) that adult partners use against their sexual partners (Ganley, 1995). The Home Office classifies domestic violence as, Any violence which occurs between current or former partners in an intimate relationship, whereve r and whenever this violence occurs. The violence may include physical, sexual, emotional or financial abuse (Home Office, 1998).It is known that domestic violence is mostly perpetrated by men against women victims and that it a great deal begins, or gets worse, around pregnancy (Nicolson et al., 2006). Domestic violence is generally repetitive, in that erst it has occurred once, it is likely to be repeated, either in the same elan or utilising a different form (psychological, sexual or physical), with each form of the violence interacting with the other form and causing problems for the victim(s) of the violence, who are non only the partner but also any children that may be present in the household (see Ganley, 1995).Shockingly, a high proportion of children living with domestic violence are themselves beingness abused, with almost 80% of the children who are on the at-risk register coming from homes where domestic violence is known to occur (see, for example, Mullender and Morley, 1994 Department of Health, 2002). In addition, seek has shown that there is a correlation between being an abusive partner and having witnessed abusive behaviour in ones childhood (see OLeary, 1987).In terms of the theoretical models that look at been posited to explain domestic violence, social exchange theory suggests that human interactions are guided by seeking rewards and avoiding costs and penalty (see Blau, 1964), with domestic violence tending to occur when being violent does not outweigh the rewards on offer (see Gelles and Cornell, 1985 1990). Following this reasoning, therefore, one of the ways to reduce the prevalence of domestic violence is to increase the cost attached to being a batterer (i.e., a person who inflicts violence on an intimate partner) through, for example, cr eating and enforcing criminal laws against domestic violence (see Danis, 2003). Deterrence can, after all, be defined as, the states ability to diminish the incidence of a prohibited ac tion through legal threats which clear indicate that the costs of an action would be greater than any benefits derived from it (Dutton, 1995 p.242).Other theories suggested to explain the prevalence of domestic violence include social learning theory, which suggests that heap learn to be violent through reinforcement (i.e., receiving a reward or being punished directly after an aggressive act has taken place) or through modelling (i.e., basing ones actions on what one has witnessed) (see Bandura, 1973). As has been seen, intergenerational transmission of the behaviour that leads to domestic violence is possible and, indeed, occurs in whatsoever situations (see OLeary, 1987 and Mihalic and Elliott, 1997). On this posterior, more batterers are treated, attempting to reverse the behaviour that leads to domestic violence on the premise that what has been learned can be un-learned (see Danis, 2003).The British discourtesy Survey, and annual survey of crime conducted in the UK, can be used to find prevalence data of domestic violence. Mirrlees-Black and Byron (1996) showed that, in 1996, around 4% of women interviewed admitted some form of domestic violence in the year previous to the survey, with women twice as likely as men to have been injured by a partner in the year previous to the survey. In addition, Mirrlees-Black and Byron (1996) found that 23% of women had experienced some form of domestic violence at some auspicate in their lives, with those most at risk being the under 25s and those in financial difficulties. It was found that only half of the victims had inform the domestic violence, and of the half that had describe the domestic violence, this was to a friend of family, with police and medical checkup staff being notified only in a small proportion of cases (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996).Mirrlees-Black (1999) again used the British Crime Survey data to analyse the prevalence of domestic violence, finding that, similarly to the 1996 survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996), around 4% of women describe some form of domestic violence in the year previous to the study, with women twice as likely as men to be the mental object of domestic violence. Mirrlees-Black (1999) estimated that there were 6.6 million incidents of domestic violence in the year previous to the survey, with 2.9 million of these incidents involving actual physical injury. This survey (Mirrlees-Black, 1999) revealed that 12% of women had been assaulted on three or more occasions, which Mirrlees-Black referred to as degenerative victims.Similarly to the 1996 survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996), women under 25 were most likely to report domestic violence, with 34% of women in this category reporting some form of domestic violence, higher than in the previous, 1996, survey (Mirrlees-Black and Byron, 1996). In terms of the actual domestic violence perpetrated against these women, pushing, shoving and grabbing were the most common types of assault wit h injury occurring in 41% of the domestic violence episodes (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Alarmingly, around a third of the women surveyed who inform domestic violence episodes revealed that their children had been aware of the last violent episode (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). In addition, chronic victims of domestic violence were usually the victims of more sedate types of attack (Mirrlees-Black, 1999).Walby and Allen (2004) present the most recent survey of domestic violence using the British Crime Survey, showing that domestic violence is still widespread with 36% of women reporting some sort of domestic violence episode, although this figure represents concentrated episodes of chronic domestic violence and/or multiple episodes of domestic violence throughout their lives. The study found that 13% of women had experienced some form of domestic violence in the year prior(prenominal) to the survey (up from 4% in the 1999 survey reported by Mirrlees-Black (1999) and that for women subjected to domestic violence, the average number of domestic violence episodes per year was twenty (Walby and Allen, 2004). On this basis, Walby and Allen (2004) estimated that there had been 12.9 million domestic violence episodes in the year prior to the survey, up from 6.6 million in the 1999 survey (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). The 2004 survey also revealed that 2% of women who admitted domestic violence had been the subject of a serious sexual assault inside the home (Walby and Allen, 2004).Walby and Allen (2004) found that those women who lived in a household earning less than 10,000 were three and a half more times likely to be the subject of domestic violence than a women in a household earning more than 20,000, although it was admitted that the correlations between domestic violence and leanness are unclear. For example, poverty could be the cause of domestic violence, or could be the outcome of domestic violence, in that women who have fled domestic violence a great deal end up living on low income (Walby and Allen, 2004).In terms of assessing the prevalence of domestic violence, studies have shown that it is difficult to provide a realistic estimate, in reality, as many women do not seek help and even when faced with medical professionals with whom they could speak, for example their GPs, most women do not volitionally discuss their problems (see, for example, Bonds et al., 2006). Indeed, research has shown (see, for example, Boyle and Jones, 2006) that women who are the subject of domestic violence frequently only disclose when healthcare staff directly enquire virtually this possibility, many of whom actively stated, when interviewed, that they do not ask nearly much(prenominal)(prenominal) matters so as not to offend the patient, even though evidence shows that women who are not the subject of domestic violence are unlikely to be offended by such(prenominal) a question (Boyle and Jones, 2006).One of the most comprehensive studies of the reported frequenc y of domestic violence against women has been reported by Bradley et al. (2002), who surveyed 1871 women attending general practice through a cross-sectional, self-administered anonymous survey. 40% of the women surveyed had, at some point in their lives, experienced domestic violence by a partner, with 12% of women reporting that their GP had approached them about possible domestic violence (Bradley et al., 2002). In addition, a worrying 69% of the women surveyed reported controlling behaviour from their partner, with 28% admitting to feeling afraid of their current partner (Bradley et al., 2002). Most of the women surveyed voiced support for routine dubiousness about domestic violence as part of regular check-ups with their GP, suggesting one route for monitoring the presence of domestic violence in the community (Bradley et al., 2002). Elliott et al. (2002) suggested that get out GP training in this issue would lead to higher detection rates and better care for the victims of d omestic violence.As Gerbert et al. (2002) suggest, other risk behaviours that were once considered taboo (such as HIV and alcohol and drug abuse) have been tackled, in that medical professionals routinely ask about such matters in consultations. It is thus not acceptable that domestic violence is not addressed in such a manner, given the high prevalence of this and the deleterious effectuate this can have on the victims and any children who are present in the household (Gerbert et al., 2002). It is suggested that it is a general lack of training that scratch medical professionals from enquiring about such violence, and that the set down domestic violence screening rates, compared to the screening rates of other risk behaviours, may reflect the medical professionals beliefs that they do not know how to screen or intervene or their belief that such interventions may not be successful (Gerbert et al., 2002). It is suggested that screening rates can be improved by educating medical p rofessionals as to the many benefits that identifying domestic violence can bring to the victims (Gerbert et al., 2002).This section of the dissertation analyses the immediate and long-term impacts of domestic violence on childrens health, education, personality, socialising and future relationships.In terms of childrens exposure to domestic violence and maltreatment, Osofsyky (2003) looked at this issue in terms of prevention and intervention, showing that on the basis of available research, there is no doubt that huge numbers of children are being abused as part of the presence of domestic violence in the household, although the effectuate on children of this abuse, as a result of domestic violence, depends greatly on the childs individual circumstances, on their additional risk factors and their susceptibility. Herrenkohl et al. (2008) reported similar results, showing a massive overlap in physical child abuse and domestic violence, which was especially prevalent in situations w ith other stressors, such as ominous socio-economic conditions, for example.Hartley (2002) also looked at this issue, and found that there is a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment, finding that adverse socioeconomic factors were more likely to correlative with domestic violence and child neglect than with child abuse per se, although child abuse was present in a shockingly high number of cases, suggesting, as Osofsky (2002), that domestic violence goes hand-in-hand with child maltreatment, either through child neglect as a result of domestic violence or child abuse by the perpetrator of the violence as part and parcel of the domestic violence (Hartley, 2002).Hester and Pearson (1998) looked at domestic violence in the course of their work with abused children, finding that domestic violence was present in 70% of the cases of child abuse they dealt with, showing that the presence of domestic violence is a major factor in child abuse cases. It was sug gested, as a result of this, that it might be useful to screen for domestic violence as routine practice, in terms of this being a possible predictor of child abuse, either current, in which case it could be identify and treated, or future, in which case, if the domestic violence is dealt with, might never occur.Gorin (2004) looked at understanding what children say about living with domestic violence, showing that children are often more aware of domestic violence than is realised, although they dont often understand what is natural event, nor why it is happening (Mullender et al., 2002). It was also reported that children worry about their parents more than is recognised, even though most children choose not to talk about this to anyone, and actively try to avoid the problem by distracting themselves physically and emotionally (Gorin, 2004). When asked about why they chose not to share their experiences with others, a fear of not being believed by professionals was the generally reported concern, with the fear that help will not be forthcoming when asked for being another commonly reported concern (Gorin, 2004). In addition, children report not having any idea of where they can go to get help, which stops them asking for help, although the majority of children affected by domestic violence reported that they long for someone to talk to about the violence, in terms of having someone to take heed to them and to provide comfort and reassurance to them (Gorin, 2004). During the course of the research, it was found that children most asked for information to help them understand what was happening to their parents, and why they werent able to stop the violence (Gorin, 2004).In practical terms, this function, of knowing about the violence but not being able to do anything to stop it, and feeling they do not have anyplace to turn to report the violence, can lead to many problems for the children. Children who have experienced domestic violence generally feel the y have to be more amenable in the home than othert children, in terms of undertaking more practical tasks around the home, often as a way of trying to avoid the violence by pre-empting arguments, for example (Gorin, 2004). This responsibility, or knowing about the violence but feeling there is nothing that can be done about it, and the responsibility of taking on extra tasks, can lead to children developing sleep problems, being tired, and not paying as much attention as they need at check, leading to problems with their education (Gorin, 2004).Fantuzzo et al. (1997) looked at the effect of domestic violence on children, showing a myriad of adverse cause in children assailable to domestic violence, especially amongst those children who are already exposed to other risk factors such as drug abuse and/or adverse socioeconomic conditions. Fantuzzo and Mohr (1999) keep the work of Fantuzzo et al. (1997), looking at the effects of domestic violence on children, showing that domestic violence has many adverse effects on children, which are modified according to many factors, such as the childs age, the nature of the violence, the severity of the violence and the existence of other risk factors in the childrens lives (such as poverty and substance abuse, for example), but which are, nonetheless severe. Childhood exposure to domestic violence can lead to aggressive behaviour, to increased emotional problems, such as the onset of depression and anxiety, to lower academic achievement and to lower levels of social skills (see Fantuzzo and Mohr, 1999).Baldry (2003) looked at ballyraging in schools following exposure to domestic violence, through a cross-sectional study of 1059 Italian school students using a self-report anonymous questionnaire. It was found that those children who had been subjected to domestic violence (i.e., interparental violence) were far more likely to bully whilst at school than those children who had never been subjected to any form of domest ic violence, thus showing a direct negative effect of domestic violence on childrens behaviour (Baldry, 2003). Bauer et al. (2006) also looked at the relationship between bullying and intimate partner violence, through a self-report questionnaire of 112 children, and found, similarly to Baldry (2003) that children who had been exposed to intimate partner violence in a home setting were more at risk of developing physical aggression and internalised behaviours than children who had never experienced intimate partner violence in the home setting.Hall and Lynch (1998) looked at the lifelong effects of domestic violence on children, finding that separating the causes of domestic violence from its effects and from other match factors, such as poor parenting, poverty, substance abuse, for example, is difficult and that, as such, pinpointing the specific effects of domestic violence on children can be difficult. Hall and Lynch (1998) report, however, that children in violent households ar e three to nine times more likely to be injured and abused, either directly or in the course of trying to protect their parent. In addition, children from violent households are more likely to resist a trope of emotional and psychological problems, including self-harm, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide, along with stress-related health complaints, such as insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome (Hall and Lynch, 1998).In addition, these behavioural and psychological problems can lead to other problems, such as involvement in violence and/or bullying (as seen, see Baldry, 2003 and Fantuzzo et al., 1997), educational failure and/or dropping out of, or being excluded from, school (Woodward et al., 1998) (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, it has been found that if a mother decides to leave her partner and go in to a shelter for the victims of domestic violence, this can lead to the children feeling disjointed from their previous friends and their established social networks, leading to just problems for these children who were already exposed to a high level of stress and emotional and psychological problems (Hall and Lynch, 1998).In addition, it is also known that being exposed to violence in the home can lead to juvenile crime, with many child victims of juvenile crime being the subject of youth criminal sentences (Hall and Lynch, 1998). In addition, the effects of domestic violence on children are long-lasting, with anti-social behaviour at the age of seven being highly correlated with violent behaviour towards partners in later life (Hall and Lynch, 1998), mediated, as has been seen, through the process of social learning theory (Bandura, 1973).Chapter 3 Protecting children from domestic violenceThis section of the dissertation addresses the issue of protecting children from domestic violence in terms of the child protection issues that need to be taken into consideration.As children suffer many and varied consequences of domestic violence, including direct child abuse by the perpetrator of the violence and indirect consequences of witnessing the violence, such as emotional, psychological and physical ill-health, the child protection issues that need to be taken in to consideration are many and varied. In those cases where child abuse is suspected, the child needs to be protect against this abuse. This could mean removing the child in to care, or working with the mother to encourage the mother to move, with the child, in to a refuge to avoid the domestic violence. The particular alternative chosen by social workers depends on the risks assessed in the particular situation.In terms of protecting children more generally, in terms of identifying possible negative effects on children from domestic violence, for example, all health professionals should be aware of the effects of domestic violence, and possible symptoms of domestic violence on children, which, if not physical, can be noted in the childs behaviou r. Medical professionals who come in to contact with children should be trained in detecting these signs of domestic violence in children, with adequate screening programmes in place to detect such signs and to enable children to deal with the problems that domestic violence presents to them, in terms of being given the opportunity, in a safe and confidential manner, to talk about what is happening in their household, how they feel about this, what problems this is presenting to them and what needs to be done about the situation. Children are maybe more likely to want to talk to the school nurse, or to a GP than to any other professionals, as there is some previous relationship established and some form of trust that has already been built up (Hall and Lynch, 1998). It is essential that teaching about domestic violence be mandatory for all professionals involved in multi-agency teams dealing with child protection issues (see Hendry, 1999).This section of the dissertation presents a discussion of the role of the mother and why her socio-economic status and culture is important. Protecting the mother, in terms of protecting the child, is then discussed, in terms of whether, for example, it is best for children to live with both parents, even when there is domestic violence occurring.It has been found that there is a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment (see Hartley, 2002), in that adverse socioeconomic factors are more likely to correlate with domestic violence and child neglect (including child abuse). Walby and Allen (2004) also found that those women who lived in a household earning less than 10,000 were three and a half more times likely to be the subject of domestic violence than a women in a household earning more than 20,000, although it was admitted that the correlations between domestic violence and poverty are unclear. For example, poverty could be the cause of domestic violence, or could be the outcome of domestic viol ence, in that women who have fled domestic violence often end up living on low income (Walby and Allen, 2004).Thus, whilst there are some correlations as to the socioeconomic status of the mother and the probability of being the subject of domestic violence, the links have not been researched fully and, as such, no causal relationships can be found. What is clear, however, is that where there is poverty, or perceived financial problems, there is more likely to be domestic violence, and that where there is domestic violence, there is likely to be some form of child neglect or child abuse also going on. Mothers, therefore, have a responsibility, within the framework of them being victims themselves, to their children, in terms of protecting them, as far as possible, from the violence.This is itself a mingled issue, however, as many women have nowhere to flee to when they leave a violent partner, meaning the women often end up in temporary refuges or low-standard rented accommodation, often outside of the area where their children go to school, often leading to further psychological problems for their children, who then feel isolated from their friends and support networks, which can lead to further emotional and psychological problems for these children (Gorin, 2004 Hall and Lynch, 1998). It is reported that the mother often die hards in the household and subjects herself to domestic violence because of fear of what leaving the household would do to their children (see Nicolson et al., 2006).Hazen et al. (2006) looked at female care-givers experiences of domestic violence and behaviour problems in their children, finding that serious problems are faced by children when the mother is subjected to domestic violence, and that these children need to be helped as far as possible in terms of addressing the problems that these children face. If the mother decides not to leave the abusive partner, therefore, the mother has a responsibility to her child(ren) that she w ill understand that they are treated as far as possible for these problems. Again, however, this is complicated by the fact that mothers often want to hide the fact that they are being abused from their children, and, as such, do not discuss this with their children. This is a fallacy, however, as shown by Gorin (2004), as children are often far more aware of what is happening than they are given credit for, and the untreated consequences of the domestic violence can lead to major future health and behaviour problems for children (see, for example, Hall and Lynch, 1998).The problems facing mothers who are the victims of domestic violence are many and varied. They are the subject of abuse themselves, which can leave them feeling ashamed and not willing to discuss this with anyone, not even their children. Their children, aware of what is going on, but unable to talk to their mothers then begin to develop problems, which if the mother even recognises these problems are then not tre ated, as they are viewed, by the mother, as part and parcel of the same humiliating violence they are subject to. The effects of the violence are thus perpetrated, often with severe long-term consequences (Hall and Lynch, 1998).It will be argued, however, that is the responsibility of the mother to protect her child, as the childs care-giver, against domestic violence and against the effects of domestic violence. However, this is not as straight-forward as it seems, for, in addition to the humiliation that women feel when being abused, there are also financial concerns about how the mother would support her child(ren) if she leave the violent partner. Many women victims of domestic violence argue that subjecting their children to poverty is worse than having them witness domestic violence (Gorin, 2004) and so they stay with the partner who is violent towards them, subjecting their children to the range of emotional, psychological and physical health problems already discussed (see, for example, Hall and Lynch, 1998).Thus, the responsibility of a mother to protect her child(ren) against domestic violence and against the effects of domestic violence is a complicated issue. If there is child abuse present, it is obviously the mothers responsibility to involve the police, and to ensure that the perpetrator is brought to justice, although, as has been seen, this is not as calorie-free as it sounds, as women often have difficulty in approaching the police, witnessed by the low reporting rates of serious instances of criminal domestic violence to the police reported in Walby and Allen (2004).If, however, as has been seen, the violence is mainly directed against the mother, and the mother feels it is better for the sake of the children, on balance, to stay in the violent household, whilst the violence is only directed towards her, then that is the mothers decision, as a balance between the effects of the domestic violence on the children and the potential effects of moving to a new place and living in worse conditions than their current conditions, and the further emotional and psychological problems this would present to the child(ren).If the mother makes the decision to stay with the violent partner as this is, on balance, the best option out of two possible sub-optimal options, then, in these situations, where the violence is not thought to be serious enough, by the victim, to warrant reporting or to warrant leaving the partner, even though the child(ren) is/are being affected by domestic violence, the question then becomes how to protect the mother, in order to ensure the best protection of the child. This question will be elaborated on in the next sections of the dissertation.Chapter 5 The multi-agency approach to child protectionThis section provides an analysis of the multi-agency approach to child protection, examining its advantages and disadvantages. The available services for children living with domestic violence are also discussed , as are the policy and legislation against domestic violence and pro child protection in the UK. Through this, the dissertation moves on to analyse the intervention strategies that are available to protect children, in terms of the extent to which prevention is possible and how.As shown by Mirrlees-Black (1999), only about half of the victims of domestic violence told someone about the violence, most likely to be a friend or relative, with the police being notified of an attack in only about 12% of the violent episodes reported in the survey. Medical staff were the next likely to hear about the domestic violence, in about 10% of the violent episodes reported, and were reported to have been more likely to offer help and advice than the police (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Overall, Mirrlees-Black, (1999) found it more likely that the victims of serious attacks (i.e., those regarded as a crime) would report these attacks to the police, with those women who felt responsible in some way for t he attack being less likely to report the attack, even if the attack was criminal in manifestation (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). There is, thus, a massive problem with reporting domestic violence, something that

Effects of Caffeine on the Brain

Effects of caffein on the BrainLiterature ReviewEffects of wet on the clay.2.0.1 zipper level.In order to increase force level, the human body has to be kept hydrated constantly. The human brain is mostly made up of water hence it is of utmost importance that we keep our brain hydrated to obtain maximum productivity and alertness (Simonds,N.D). A well hydrated body bequeath create higher amounts of oxygen levels present in the body, which ordain provide us with more energy. The increased energy levels go out make a psyche more alert and even lift their mood (Bernstein, 2012). Even if the level of water in the body is at least one percent infra the optimal water level, the person get out feel fatigue (Chasey,N.D).2.0.2 Effects of tipsiness water on the brainWater provides the brain with electrical energy in order for all the functions of the brain to be carried out, which includes thought and computing machine storage processes. It has also been proven to help a person be more focused, has the susceptibility to experience greater clarity creativity and think faster (Bailey, 2013). A ignorevass was carried out on participants who drank three cups of water which was 24 ounces, or 775 milliliters. after(prenominal) taking a battery of cognitive tests, the participants who drank water performed better on a test that measured reaction time compargond with those who did not drink water. The researchers contemplated that the proclivity sensation of the participants may urinate findn some attention a centering from their working class at hand, departing in a slower response time (Rettner, 2013). However, in another study, water consumption did not doctor the results on other tests of cognition much, such as retrospection of words (Rettner, 2013).2.1Effects of caffein on the Brain2.1.1AlertnessAdenosine is a naturally occurring neuro committer in our brain. Adenosine is produced as long as we are awake as our brain has neurons. These neurons ar e specialised cells that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another in order for us to carry out daily activities.Adenosine is a by product of the functioning neuron. The Adenosine produced will then bind to adenosine receptors which is a method used by our body to detect the amount of adenosine in our body. When the amount of adenosine in our body reaches a reliable amount, the randomness will be sent to our brain or spinal cord create us to feel tired.Caffeine, like the Adenosine, also binds to the Adenosine Receptors. Compared to adenosine molecules, Caffeine molecules have the capability to bind faster to adenosine receptors. As such, when the Caffeine molecules are binded before the Adenosine molecules, the Caffeine molecules blocks the Adenosine Receptors from causing any effects of tiredness or sleepiness in our body (Goodwin, 2013). Figure 2.1 In the brain Caffeine (C) binds faster to adenosine receptors. Adenosine (A), which is a natural sedative, will be preven ted from attaching itself therefore, causing alertness.2.1.2AdrenalineSince caffein prevents the adenosine from binding with the adenosine receptor, loose neuron activation will occur (N.A, 2009). This will pull in the pituitary gland to release a certain hormone into the bloodstream which will affect the adrenal glands to produce adrenaline which is a flight or fright hormone (Veracity, 2005). The flight or fright hormone is our bodys way to prepare ourselves to fight or flee in situations that make us feel as if we are under attack, threatened or harmed the response produced is primitive, self-moving and an innate (Neimark, N.D).Adrenaline will also cause an increase in muscle tension, blood pressure, respiration, heart rate, metabolism, mental alertness, emotional and a decrease in digestion, fire hormones, mental creativity, emotional stability will be decreased (Bay, N.D)2.2Importance of taking caffein in moderation2.2.1Caffeine gross profit marginTolerance is the minif y stimulus towards a drug, which will occur when the drug is duplicateedly used until the body has adapted to its presence (Hussar, 2013). on that pointfore a higher dose of drugs will be needed to achieve the said(prenominal) outcome achieved initially (NIH, 2007).Since caffein is a drug, likewise much intake of it will cause us to be tolerant to it. This is due to the gradual creation of adenosine receptors by the brain cells to re-balance the adenosine receptors that have been blocked by caffeine molecules (Stromberg,2013). Eventually more adenosine receptors will be produced, causing the need of more caffeine molecules to block the extra adenosine receptors created in order to achieve the same effect that was intended (Stromberg,2013). Off and on, drinkers require little amounts of caffeine for optimal performance during cognitive tasks while habitual drinkers require a higher dosage of caffeine to achieve the same effect (Papadeli, Papadelis, Louizos, Tziampiri, 2002).2.2. 2Effect of drinking caffeine near bed timeFor a regular drinker the ingestion of caffeine will not affect much but if a person is not a regular drinker he or she may find it difficult to fall asleep (Keeffe, 2011). These problems usually arise during the digestion of caffeine in the body. Caffeine will be mainly digested in the liver by a liver enzyme to produce Theophylline, Theobromine, and Paraxanthine separately (Gabriel, 2000). Paraxanthine molecule has almost the same structure and effect as caffeine on the brain (Gabriel, 2000). If the intake of caffeine increases, the amount of caffeine and Paraxanthine that will be accumulated in the body will also increase (Keeffe, 2011). Adenosine that has been produced in the body can only be take through sleep. Therefore insufficient sleep will cause tiredness and unproductivity throughout the following day which will lead to another cup of coffee to overcome that tiredness. The more caffeine ingested, the more adenosine and caffeine m olecules will be accumulated in the body by night. The half life of one dosage of caffeine is 3-7 hours but if more caffeine is accumulated in our body the half life of caffeine can increase from 11-96 hours or even days (Keeffe, 2011).2.2.3Effects of high doses of caffeine on cognition.It is important to take caffeine in moderation which is round 200 to 300 mg per day (Rivers, 2012). If caffeine is taken in excess which is more than 500 to 600 mg it will disturb our body systems as caffeine is a drug that can cause our adrenal glands to release adrenaline. Therefore, a person may keep going from insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, up tog stomach, fast heartbeat and muscle tremors if adrenaline is released in excess in a persons body (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The more severe symptoms of caffeine overdose is trouble of breathing, vomiting, hallucinations, confusion, chest pain, irregular or fast heartbeat and uncontrollable muscle movements, convulsions (Rivers, 2012). Ca ffeine will also block our adenosine receptors therefore too much caffeine will result in sleep passing. A normal person needs about 7 to 8 hours of sleep. Sleep deprivation is caused by the disruption in the sleep cycles which may eventually cause to the feeling of tiredness, moody and depression. Sleep deprivation will also disrupt a persons performance and alertness during the day (Mayo Clinic, 2014).2.2.4Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognition.A study was once done to study the effects of low doses of caffeine on cognition of 11 males and 12 females aged between 18 and 56. The respondents were either given 0, 12.5, 25, 50 or degree Celsius mg of caffeine. Their performance was tested by using a test battery that consisted of a long duration simple reaction time test, a rapid visual cultivation processing task and a mood questionnaire. All the doses of the caffeine had influenced cognitive performance, there were minimal differences between the dosage size. The effects o f caffeine were more obvious in those that were regular caffeine consumers. After a night without caffeine, the participants cognitive performance, mood and thirst has been affected even at doses same as and even lesser than the amounts of caffeine contained in a single serving of beverages containing caffeine (Smit, Rogers, 2000).2.3Effect of caffeine on Memory2.3.1 schooling processing model processes memoryThe Information Processing Theory assumes that human memory is formed in the same way that a computer processes information. There are 3 stages of memory which are sensory memory, short- name memory, and long-term memory (Cherry, N.D).. A computer receives information from external devices codes information followed by storing the information into its memory and uses the information to produce an output (McLeod, 2008). In humans, memory is formed by the input device called the sensory register, which consist of our five senses namely taste, touch, sight, tryout and smell that enables us to receive information from our surroundings. The information received by our sensory memory will then undergo selective attention and the selected memory will be stored into our short term memory. utterly term memory information that has been selected will be held temporarily so that it can be used, removed or transferred into our long term memory. Information that is stored in the long term memory can be stored for a very long time.2.3.2Short term memory and working memoryShort term memory and working memory are often used interchangeably (Posit Science, 2015). The ability to store information temporarily for immediate retrieval and removal is short term memory, while working memory is the processing of information stored in the short term memory for manipulation (Examined existence, N.D). Information that has undergone selective attentionduring sensory memory will be generated in the short term memory (Cherry, N.D). The function of Short-term memory is to choose, pro pel and discontinue information-processing functions which consist of encoding, storing and retrieving data to and from the long term memory (Medicine.net, 2013). Short term memory has limited capacity and can only store about cardinal plus minus 2 items and it also has limited duration as it is very fragile and can be lost whenever there are distractions (Mc Leod, 2009).2.3.3The magic snatch seven plus and minus twoMiller discovered in 1956 that an average adult can store about seven plus minus two items in their short term memory (Bilash, 2011). If information is chunked together, we will be able to store more information (Mc Leod, 2009).2.4Short term memory test2.4.1MASThe Memory Assessment Scale has three areas of cognitive functionMAS is a comprehensive battery that has the ability to assesses a persons short-term, verbal and visual memory functioning. In order to assess memory, this battery has 12 subtest that are based on the 7 memory task which are Verbal Span, List Learni ng, Prose memory, Visual Span, Visual Recognition, Visual Reproduction and Names-Faces. The verbal span test is a test whereby a series of song will be make forward and rearward to the participants slowly beginning with 2 numbers to 3 numbers to 4 numbers up till 9 numbers, participants are then required to repeat the numbers said by the examiner in the correct order.2.4.2Wechsler Memory ScaleA set of numbers will be announced through headphones to the participants at the rate of 1 word per second. Digits are chosen at random without repetition up to of 9 digits (when participants has a gone more than 9 numbers single digit will be doubled). The successive digits cannot occur in ascending or descending order with equal step sizes. A notification will be shown to alert the participants after the final digit at an interval of 1.0 s, so that the participants will know when to repeat the duration said. The digit sequence was shown on the examiners monitor during its list presentati on and the response of the participants were analysed by the examiner using the computer keyboard. The participant is then told to repeat the numbers that were shown or read to them.2.4.3 Digit span testA list of numbers are shown or read out to the participants. This process is continued until the participant cannot remember either the full sequence of numbers or the correct order of numbers. In the reverse streak of the Digit Span a series of numbers will be read to the participant and the participant will be asked to repeat the number sequence that was said by the examiner in the reverse order. This sequence of number is continued until the participant makes an error. Participants are given two chances for each sequence of number because both forward and reverse trials are given twice. The score of the Digit Span test is calculated by adding the total number of correct sequences, backwards and forwards. This test is also scored differently for a range of ages. For an adult to sc ore an average score is about six numbers both backwards and forwards. plot of ground above average is anything over seven. Because of time limits, the computerized version of this test will only be able to measure the participants ability to repeat back a number sequence in the forward order. The 15 minute time limit should not greatly affect the results. An accurate result will be obtained and the participants working memory can be viewed (Mendez,N.D).ReferencesMaryann Gromisch, 2014, Stimulant Effects of Caffeine, Retrieved from the piece spacious wind vane on thirteenth April 2015 from http//www.livestrong.com/article/266388-stimulant-effects-of-caffeine/Dani Veracity, Tuesday, October 11, 2005, The hidden dangers of caffeine How coffee causes exhaustion, fatigue and addiction, Retrieved from the realism bulky Web on 15th April 2015 from http//www.naturalnews.com/012352_caffeine_coffee.htmlHowStuffWorks.com, Why does caffeine keep you awake? Retrieved from the World Wide W eb on 21 January 2009. 9th April 2015, http//health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/caffeine-awake.htmEli Bay, N.D, THE STRESS REACTION FLIGHT OR FIGHT, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7th April 2015 from http//www.elibay.com/understanding-stress.htmlDaniel A. Hussar, 2013, Tolerance and Resistance to Drugs, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7th April 2015, from http//www.merckmanuals.com/home/drugs/factors_affecting_response_to_drugs/tolerance_and_resistance_to_drugs.htmlNIH ,2007, The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 10th April 2015 from http//www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/neurobiology-drug-addiction/section-iii-action-heroin-morphine/6-definition-toleranceJoseph Stromberg, 2013, This Is How Your Brain Becomes habituated to Caffeine, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 18th April 2015 from http//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-is-how-your-brain-becomes-addicted-to-caffeine-26861037/?no-istKaryn OKe effe, March 2011, Caffeine affects your sleep. No ifs, no buts. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 18th April 2015 from http//sciblogs.co.nz/sleep-on-it/2011/03/11/caffeine-affects-your-sleep-no-ifs-no-buts/Gerald Gabriel, 26 August 2000, The Drug of Choice Caffeine and the Brain, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 5th May 2015 from http//brainconnection.brainhq.com/2000/08/26/the-drug-of-choice-caffeine-and-the-brain/Travis Bradberry, 21st August 2012, Caffeine The Silent Killer of Emotional Intelligence. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7th May 2015 http//www.forbes.com/sites/travisbradberry/2012/08/21/caffeine-the-silent-killer-of-emotional-intelligence/McLeod, S. A., 2009, Short Term Memory, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 9th May 2015 from http//www.simplypsychology.org/short-term-memory.htmlKendra Cherry, N.D, What Is Memory?, Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 11th May 2015 from http//psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/memory.htmSandy McAlpine, Coffe e consumption can improve alertness concentration, viewed on 11th May 2015, http//www.coffeeassoc.com/contact-us/coffee-consumption-can-improve-alertness-concentration/Kim Ann Zimmermann, January twenty-eighth 2014 , What is Short-Term Memory Loss?, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 13th May2015 from, http//www.livescience.com/42891-short-term-memory-loss.htmlMedicine.net, 28th August 2013, Definition of Short-term memory, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 16thMay 2015, from, http//www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7142Posit Science, 2015, Short-Term Memory, viewed 17th May 2015, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 16th May 2015 from, http//www.brainhq.com/brain-resources/memory/types-of-memory/short-term-memoryExamined existence, N.D, Difference Between Short-Term, Long-Term, and Working Memory, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 17th May2015, from http//examinedexistence.com/difference-between-short-term-long-term-and-working-memory/Olenka Bilash, 2011, Millers Magical Number, Retrieved from the world Wide Web on 17thMay2015, from http//www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/best%20of%20bilash/miller.htmlChrysoula Kourtidou-Papadeli, Christos Papadelis, Alexandros-Louizos Louizos, * a Olympia Guiba-Tziampiri. 2002. Maximum cognitive performance and physiological time trend measurements after caffeine intake. Cognitive brain research, 13(3),pp407-15.Mayo clinic staff, 14th April2014, Caffeine How much is too much?, Mayo clinic,viewed 19th May 2015,http//www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678?pg=1Mayo clinic staff, 14th April2014, Caffeine How much is too much?, Mayo clinic,viewed 19th May 2015,http//www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678?pg=2Autumn Rivers, 16th July 2012, Caffeine Overdose, Healthline, viewed on 19thMay 2015, http//www.healthline.com/health/caffeine-overdoseOverview1Smit, H.J Rogers, P.J.2000.Effect s of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology,152,167-173.Neil F. 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Essay --

I am an Armenian, through my veins flows the clear blood of my ancients. We live on a small piece of land called Armenia. My countrycomes from the ancient times, it is withal old and at the same time too young with its independence. I am the inheritor of the Seven,Yerevan, the Aragats, Garni, Ejmiatsin and finally the inheritor of my dear Vanadzor. Vanadzor is a mountain town of unparalleledbeauty, realm of forest-covered mountains, of dizzy gorges and bubbling rivers. Vanadzor was outstandingly damaged during the1988earthquake. At that time a lot of people came to help us. Though I am eighteen I pretend up stories about that earthquake told by myparents and grandparents and I also remember the citizens that came to help us. Among them were Garbachov, Eltsin and many otherpeople from all over the world. They were really global citizens. It is unforgettable the deeds done by them. Here we can reckon that theyare respected not only for their personality but as well as their deeds .As we know a citizen is a person who has jural rights in a country. We are all citizens in our countries, but there are citizens whom wecan call global. As for me in the range of global citizens the showtime ones are the people who have the Nobel Prize for peace. I want tomention about a woman called Mother Teresa (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu). I feel a great respect to this woman and also great respectfor her deeds as it is unforgettable and will remain in the memories of generations forever. I should say that she had a too difficult lifeas her father died and left them in poorness. At the age of 18 she left her parental home and went to an Irish community of nuns. afterwardsa few months of training Mother Teresa went to India and took her initial vows as a ... ...ove the life of homeless children chargeswith the energy and foretaste for achieving my destination.I am still a teenager and have a lot of things to learn. I know that first of all I must be a good citizen for my country as I know that mynation tried to decline the right of its independence from the first moment of our history and our generation is to keep and improveeverything we have. I think that a man must live his life so that he could add at least a bit amount of colour and comprehend to his life andwhat is more to the lives of others in order to keep truth, joy and meaning in every minute of his life. Now I look back and soak up thatall the volunteering programs where I took part were just a little sheet of paper from the book I must fulfill, but I do hope that one day Iwould have done something for society and will be glad and a little proud of my past

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of ReactionPlanWe must produce a piece of coursework investigating the rates ofreaction, and the effect different changes have on them. The rate ofreaction is the rate of loss of a reactant or the rate of organisation ofa product during a chemical reaction. There argon five factors whichaffect the rate of a reaction, according to the collision theory ofreacting particles temperature, concentration (of solution), public press(in gases), surface are (of solid reactants), and catalysts.I allow for investigate the effect temperature has on a reaction.AimTo investigate how a change in temperature effects the rate of achemical reaction.The reaction that will be used isSodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid -- Na2S2O3(aq)+ 2HCl(aq)Sodium Chloride + Water + Sulphur Dioxide + 2NaCl (aq)+ H2O(l)+ SO2(g)+ Sulphur-S (s)PredictionI annunciate that as the temperature is increased the rate of reactionwill increase. This means that the graph drawn up in my analysis willhave positive correlation, and will probably be curved as the increasein rate of reaction will not be exactly the same as the temperature isincreased. This discharge be justified by relating to the collision theory.When the temperature is increased the particles will have more(prenominal) energyand thus move hot. Therefore they will collide more often and withmore energy. Particles with more energy are more likely to overcomethe activation energy barrier to reaction and thus react successfully.If solutions of reacting particles are made more concentrated thereare more particles per unit volume. Collisions between reactingparticles are therefore more likely to occur. All this can beunderstood better with full understanding of the collision theoryitselfFor a reaction to occur particles have to collide with each other.Only a abject percent result in a reaction. This is due to the energybarrier to overcome. Only particles with enough energy to overcome thebarrier will react after(prenominal) colliding. The minimum energy that a particlemust have to overcome the barrier is called the activation energy. Thesize of this activation energy is different for different reactions.If the frequency of collisions is increased the rate of reaction willincrease. However the percent of successful collisions remains thesame. An increase in the frequency of collisions can be achieved by change magnitude the temperature, concentration, pressure, and surface area.Also I predict that if the temperature is doubled, then the time takenfor would be more than half because not only would the particles bemoving faster to create more collisions, but they would also have moreenergy so there would be more successful collisions